This article describes pollen formation at various developmental stages, pollen morphology, pollen viability and in vitro germination in ‘Cardinal’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Various microscopy techniques were utilized in the study. Formation of pollen grain was observed under stereo zoom and light microscopy using anther squashes and acetocarmine staining. Size of the pollen grains and the development of the nuclei were observed with SEM. TTC test and the “agar in petri dish” method were employed for the assessment of pollen viability and germination, respectively. The pollen development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) may be divided into four basic stages starting from mother cell formation as (1) formation of tetrad, (2) microspore release, (3) germination of microspore, followed by pollen tube growth and elongation, and (4) formation of vegetative and generative cells. The observations and tests showed that the formation of pollen occurred very close to the flowering. The tetrad stage was seen in Mid-May. The exine of the pollen had a striate pattern with long ridges. Pollen had similar size (≈25 μm) and an elliptical-oval shape. Although the highest pollen viability ratio was 81%, only 31% of the pollenwere germinated. Before germination, the pollen grain contained a nucleus. During pollen tube formation, a defined area in the pollen plasma membrane promoted a directional growth, and the tube cell elongated and formed its own pathway. Before entering the pathway, the generative cell formed two haploid generative cells.

本文描述了“红衣主教”葡萄 ( Vitis vinifera  L.)不同发育阶段的花粉形成、花粉形态、花粉活力和体外萌发。研究中使用了各种显微镜技术。使用花药南瓜和乙酰胭脂红染色在立体变焦和光学显微镜下观察花粉粒的形成。用扫描电镜观察花粉粒的大小和核的发育情况。TTC 试验和“培养皿中的琼脂”方法分别用于评估花粉活力和发芽率。葡萄的花粉发育（Vitis vinifera ） L.) 可分为四个基本阶段，从母细胞形成开始，即 (1) 四分体的形成，(2) 小孢子的释放，(3) 小孢子的萌发，随后是花粉管的生长和伸长，以及 (4)营养细胞和生殖细胞。观察和测试表明，花粉的形成发生在非常接近开花的时候。四分期出现在五月中旬。花粉的外壁有一个带有长脊的条纹图案。花粉具有相似的大小（≈25 μm）和椭圆形椭圆形。虽然最高的花粉活力率为81%，但只有31%的花粉发芽了。发芽前，花粉粒中含有一个核。在花粉管形成过程中，花粉质膜中的特定区域促进了定向生长，管细胞伸长并形成了自己的通路。