Many analysts and policy makers agree that the withdrawal of the US and North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces and formation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan will exacerbate the political, social, ethnic and religious fault lines in Afghanistan and may lead to civil war and chaos in Afghanistan reminiscent of the 1990s. This will also exacerbate non-traditional security threats such as Islamic fundamentalist and transnational terrorism, drugs/narcotics trade and human migration/refugee crisis in the neighbouring countries and beyond. This article argues that tackling the non-traditional security threats facing the region and beyond is a public good. It analyses the tackling of non-traditional security threats – terrorism, narcotics trade and human migration/refugee inflow – through the prism of collective action problem that is joint production of a good or joint action to tackle the problem. It illustrates that difference in threat perception, clash/conflict of interests and geopolitical rivalries will hinder cooperation and intelligence sharing, and lead to uncoordinated action and free riding. It will also create problems of leadership and affect the choice and efficacy of the organisation/institution to tackle the threats. The article highlights that in the absence of collective action, it will be extremely difficult to overcome the non-traditional security threats emanating from Afghanistan.

中文翻译：

---

阿富汗不稳定和非传统安全威胁：公共利益问题？

许多分析家和政策制定者一致认为，美国和北大西洋公约组织部队的撤出和阿富汗伊斯兰酋长国的成立将加剧阿富汗的政治、社会、民族和宗教断层，并可能导致阿富汗内战和混乱让人想起 1990 年代。这也将加剧非传统安全威胁，如伊斯兰原教旨主义和跨国恐怖主义、毒品/毒品贸易以及邻国及其他地区的人口迁移/难民危机。本文认为，应对本地区及其他地区面临的非传统安全威胁是一项公益事业。它分析了应对非传统安全威胁——恐怖主义、毒品贸易和人类移民/难民流入——通过集体行动问题的棱镜，即联合生产一种产品或联合行动来解决问题。它说明威胁感知、利益冲突/冲突和地缘政治竞争的差异将阻碍合作和情报共享，并导致不协调的行动和搭便车。它还将产生领导问题，并影响组织/机构应对威胁的选择和效力。文章强调，在没有集体行动的情况下，要克服来自阿富汗的非传统安全威胁将极其困难。利益冲突/冲突和地缘政治竞争将阻碍合作和情报共享，并导致不协调的行动和搭便车。它还将产生领导问题，并影响组织/机构应对威胁的选择和效力。文章强调，在没有集体行动的情况下，要克服来自阿富汗的非传统安全威胁将极其困难。利益冲突/冲突和地缘政治竞争将阻碍合作和情报共享，并导致不协调的行动和搭便车。它还将产生领导问题，并影响组织/机构应对威胁的选择和效力。文章强调，在没有集体行动的情况下，要克服来自阿富汗的非传统安全威胁将极其困难。