Ecosystems worldwide are being disrupted under increased pressure from human activities. Nevertheless, most conservation studies and restoration efforts have so far focused on ecosystems of high heritage value related to their species diversity and/or the rarity of their habitats and/or species. However, “ordinary nature” (all the everyday, non-spectacular and non-protected landscapes, species and ecosystems) is also threatened by ecosystem disruption, which could affect major ecological functions and thus the supply of ecosystem services (ES). Conventional farming systems, which are mostly composed of agroecosystems characterised by ordinary nature, are already known to deliver some ES (e.g. pollination, carbon sequestration). Nevertheless, no systematic search has been done yet to determine which ES are identified and how there are studied in these conventional farming systems. We thus performed a first systematic evidence map (review of key articles to show, at a glance, the points that have been most studied, and highlight key gaps in the evidence base) to identify characterisation and measurement of ES provided by conventional agroecosystems from the review of 189 key international scientific articles. We excluded production for economic benefit, as this topic is already well documented in conventional agriculture systems. We found that most studies identified nutrient cycling (49.7%), carbon sequestration (46.6%), pest reduction (48.1%) or pollination (36.5%) as ES supplied by conventional agroecosystems. Correlations were also found between spatial scale and ES studied: for example, carbon storage was determined more at agricultural plot scale, while cultural services were determined more at landscape level. Our map also yielded 74 frequently used ES indicators, 50 of which are easily measurable and operational indicators of significant ES. Afterwards, one challenge that could be addressed in further studies is to determine for each indicator the range of measurement values that should be considered positive for ES provision, which is likely ecosystem-dependent.

在人类活动的压力越来越大的情况下，世界范围内的生态系统正在被破坏。尽管如此，迄今为止，大多数保护研究和恢复工作都集中在与物种多样性和/或栖息地和/或物种稀有相关的具有高遗产价值的生态系统上。然而，“普通自然”（所有日常、非壮观和未受保护的景观、物种和生态系统）也受到生态系统破坏的威胁，这可能影响主要生态功能，从而影响生态系统服务 (ES) 的供应。传统农业系统主要由以普通自然为特征的农业生态系统组成，已知会产生一些 ES（例如授粉、碳封存）。尽管如此，尚未进行系统搜索以确定哪些 ES 被识别以及如何在这些传统农业系统中进行研究。因此，我们进行了第一个系统证据图（审查关键文章，一目了然地显示研究最多的点，并突出证据库中的关键差距），以确定传统农业生态系统提供的 ES 的表征和测量。审查 189 篇重要的国际科学文章。我们排除了出于经济利益的生产，因为这个主题已经在传统农业系统中得到充分证明。我们发现，大多数研究将养分循环（49.7%）、碳封存（46.6%）、害虫减少（48.1%）或授粉（36.5%）确定为传统农业生态系统提供的ES。在空间尺度和研究的 ES 之间也发现了相关性：例如，碳储存更多地是在农业地块尺度上确定的，而文化服务更多地是在景观层次上确定的。我们的地图还产生了 74 个常用的 ES 指标，其中 50 个是重要 ES 的易于测量和操作的指标。之后，可以在进一步研究中解决的一个挑战是确定每个指标的测量值范围，这些测量值应该被认为对 ES 提供是积极的，这可能取决于生态系统。