Dairy cattle are frequently fed high-concentrate (HC) diets in modern intensive feeding systems, especially in the transition period. During this period, cows face many alterations that include hormonal changes and shifting to a lactating state. Switching to a HC diet that may disrupt the ruminal microbiota balance can lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Moreover, the main factor shaping the rumen microbiota is dietary composition, especially the ratio of starch to fibrous carbohydrates. Feeding highly fermentable carbohydrate diets after adaptation to forage diets leads to a rumen fermentation rate that exceeds rumen absorption and buffering rates, resulting in a reduction in ruminal pH. As a result of Gram-negative bacterial cell lysis, an increase in harmful ruminal bacterial metabolites, including lipopolysaccharide, lactic acid, and histamine, is observed. The interactions between the host immune system and the ruminal microbiota play an essential role in many physiological processes and the development of the disorder. Progress in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics platforms provides new opportunities to investigate the composition of ruminal microbes and yields unique advances in understanding ecology of the rumen. Subacute ruminal acidosis is linked with a change in the ruminal microbiota structure and richness and with other metabolic disorders; such as rumenitis, milk fat depression, laminitis, and liver abscesses. Therefore, this review aims to explore a better understanding of the crosstalk between diet and microbiota in the prevalence of rumen acidosis and its consequences, which is crucial for control strategies such as feeding management, and supplementation with thiamine, prebiotics, and probiotics.

在现代集约化饲养系统中，奶牛经常被饲喂高浓度（HC）日粮，尤其是在过渡期。在此期间，奶牛面临许多变化，包括荷尔蒙变化和转变为泌乳状态。改用 HC 饮食可能会破坏瘤胃微生物群平衡，从而导致亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 (SARA)。此外，形成瘤胃微生物群的主要因素是日粮组成，尤其是淀粉与纤维状碳水化合物的比例。适应草料日粮后饲喂高发酵碳水化合物日粮会导致瘤胃发酵速率超过瘤胃吸收和缓冲速率，导致瘤胃pH值降低。由于革兰氏阴性细菌细胞裂解，有害瘤胃细菌代谢物（包括脂多糖、乳酸和组胺）增加。宿主免疫系统和瘤胃微生物群之间的相互作用在许多生理过程和疾病的发展中发挥着重要作用。DNA 测序和生物信息学平台的进展为研究瘤胃微生物的组成提供了新的机会，并在了解瘤胃生态方面取得了独特的进展。亚急性瘤胃酸中毒与瘤胃微生物群结构和丰富度的变化以及其他代谢紊乱有关；如瘤胃炎、乳脂抑制、蹄叶炎、肝脓肿等。因此，本综述旨在更好地了解饮食和微生物群之间的相互作用在瘤胃酸中毒的患病率及其后果中的作用，这对于饲喂管理以及补充硫胺素、益生元和益生菌等控制策略至关重要。