Abstract

Prior to the conception of resilience as an ecological model and an ensuing priority design objective, the Office of Frederick Law Olmsted deployed comprehensive planning and design strategies that would be considered ‘resilient’ by most present-day standards. In this study, a selection of nineteenth- andearly twentieth-century projects were reviewed in tandem with over fifty contemporary flood resilience projects. This assessment led to the derivation of six overarching design frameworks and affiliated physical site strategies. A selection of Olmsted’s projects were then assessed for their embodiment of each of these frameworks and deployment of physical design strategies. Resilient design themes such as ‘systems thinking’, ‘safe to fail’, ‘redundancy’ and ‘accounting for indeterminacy’ were found to be consistently prevalent and central to the Olmsted Office. These findings emphasize embedded disciplinary knowledge in landscape architectural discourse, practice and tools that remain critical for cities’ resilience in the twenty-first century.

摘要

在将弹性概念作为生态模型和随后的优先设计目标之前，弗雷德里克·奥姆斯特德办公室部署了全面的规划和设计策略，按照当今的大多数标准，这些策略将被视为“弹性”。在这项研究中，我们回顾了 19 世纪和 20 世纪初的一系列项目以及 50 多个当代抗洪项目。该评估导致了六个总体设计框架和附属物理站点策略的推导。然后评估了 Olmsted 的一系列项目，以评估它们对这些框架中的每一个的体现和物理设计策略的部署。弹性设计主题，例如“系统思考”、“安全失败”、发现“冗余”和“考虑不确定性”在奥姆斯特德办公室一直很普遍和核心。这些发现强调了景观建筑话语、实践和工具中嵌入的学科知识，这些知识对于 21 世纪的城市复原力仍然至关重要。