Soil ecology may be economically altered via microbiota and nutrient management in an organic agricultural setting. While biochar may be used to promote microbial activity in the soil, its function in the immobilization and detoxification of heavy metals from soil and wastewater has received considerable attention in recent decades. As compared to the pristine biochar, its enrichment with essential nutrients such as iron (Fe²⁺), manganese (Mn²⁺) and its co-application with other additives has demonstrated encouraging outcomes for microbial colonization and treatment of polluted soil and wastewater. This review discusses the recent findings to evaluate the efficiency of biochar (BC)/mineral enriched biochar (MEB) for nutrient enrichment as well as mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization/sorption. A comparison among different studies revealed the similarity of mechanisms involved in metal immobilization by both types of biochar (BC or MEB), however, the variation was attributed to BC feedstock and type of elemental enrichment. With bacterial combinations to BC/MEB, high pH fluctuations and enzymatic action were appeared to be significantly involved in metal immobilization; similarly, for fungal combinations with BC/MEB, mycelium and metal sorption while with algae association to BC/MEB; ion exchange, chelation and surface adsorption were reported to be significantly involved in metal immobilization. The comprehensive review of literature would be a guide to foster the appropriate selection of biochar engineering technology for nutrient management and to control the metal toxicity in degraded soil and wastewater media.

土壤生态可以通过有机农业环境中的微生物群和养分管理来经济地改变。虽然生物炭可用于促进土壤中的微生物活动，但其在土壤和废水中重金属的固定化和解毒方面的作用在近几十年来受到了相当多的关注。与原始生物炭相比，它富含铁（Fe ²⁺）、锰（Mn ²⁺) 及其与其他添加剂的共同应用在微生物定植和污染土壤和废水的处理方面取得了令人鼓舞的成果。本综述讨论了评估生物炭 (BC)/富含矿物质的生物炭 (MEB) 对养分富集的效率以及重金属固定/吸附机制的最新发现。不同研究之间的比较揭示了两种类型的生物炭（BC 或 MEB）参与金属固定的机制相似，但是，差异归因于 BC 原料和元素富集类型。对于 BC/MEB 的细菌组合，高 pH 波动和酶促作用似乎显着参与了金属固定化；同样，对于与 BC/MEB 的真菌组合，菌丝体和金属吸附，而藻类与 BC/MEB 结合；据报道，离子交换、螯合和表面吸附显着参与了金属固定化。The comprehensive review of literature would be a guide to foster the appropriate selection of biochar engineering technology for nutrient management and to control the metal toxicity in degraded soil and wastewater media.