The liver carries out a wide range of functions ranging from the control of metabolites, nutrient storage, and detoxification to immunosurveillance. While inflammation is essential for the tissue remodeling and maintenance of homeostasis and normal liver physiology, constant exposure to dietary and microbial products creates a niche for potentially prolonged immune activation and unresolved inflammation in susceptible host. Failure to restrain inflammation can lead to development of chronic liver diseases characterized by fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually liver failure. The liver maintains close interactions with numerous organs which can influence its metabolism and physiology. It is also known that oral cavity microenvironment can influence the physiological conditions of other organs and emerging evidence implicates that this could be true for the liver as well. Presence of chronic inflammation and dysbiotic microbiota is a common feature leading to clinical pathology both in periodontitis and chronic liver diseases (CLDs). In fact, known CLDs appear to have some relationship with periodontitis, which impacts the onset or progression of these conditions in a bidirectional crosstalk. In this review, we explore the emerging association between oral-gut-liver axis focusing on periodontitis and common CLDs including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer. We highlight the immune pathways and oral microbiome interactions which can link oral cavity and liver health and offer perspectives for future research.

中文翻译：

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牙周炎、慢性肝病和新兴的口腔-肠-肝轴

肝脏执行广泛的功能，从控制代谢物、储存营养、解毒到免疫监视。虽然炎症对于组织重塑和维持体内平衡和正常肝脏生理至关重要，但持续暴露于饮食和微生物产品为易感宿主潜在的延长免疫激活和未解决的炎症创造了一个利基。未能抑制炎症可导致以纤维化、肝硬化和最终肝衰竭为特征的慢性肝病的发展。肝脏与许多器官保持密切的相互作用，从而影响其新陈代谢和生理机能。众所周知，口腔微环境可以影响其他器官的生理状况，并且新出现的证据表明这也可能适用于肝脏。慢性炎症和菌群失调的存在是导致牙周炎和慢性肝病 (CLD) 临床病理的共同特征。事实上，已知的 CLD 似乎与牙周炎有某种关系，牙周炎会在双向串扰中影响这些病症的发作或进展。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了以牙周炎为重点的口腔-肠-肝轴与包括非酒精性脂肪肝、慢性病毒性肝炎、肝硬化和肝细胞癌在内的常见 CLD 之间新出现的关联。