Episodic memory deficits have increasingly been recognized as a cognitive feature of depression. To quantify these deficits and determine how they are moderated by various tasks (e.g., stimulus valence) and participant (e.g., age, depression diagnosis) variables, we conducted a three-level meta-analysis on 995 effect sizes derived from 205 studies with 236 unique comparisons between depressive and control groups on episodic memory measures. Overall, depression was associated with small to moderate deficits in episodic memory, Hedges’ g = −0.36, 95% CI [−0.41 to −0.31]. Effects were larger in older age, in diagnosed compared to subthreshold depression, and in those taking medication for depression; effects did not differ between those with current and remitted symptoms. Stimulus valence moderated the effects, such that depression-related deficits were particularly pronounced for positive and neutral stimuli, but not for negative stimuli. Educational attainment served as a sort of protective factor, in that at higher levels of education, depressed group performance was more similar to that of controls. These findings confirm the episodic memory deficits in depression but highlight the important differences in the size of these deficits across a number of task- and participant-related variables.

中文翻译：

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整个成年期的抑郁和情景记忆：荟萃分析综述。

情景记忆缺陷越来越多地被认为是抑郁症的认知特征。为了量化这些缺陷并确定它们如何被各种任务（例如，刺激效价）和参与者（例如，年龄、抑郁症诊断）变量所缓和，我们对来自 205 项研究的 995 个效应量进行了三级荟萃分析，其中 236抑郁组和对照组在情景记忆测量方面的独特比较。总体而言，抑郁症与情节记忆的小到中度缺陷有关，Hedges' g = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.41 to -0.31]。与阈下抑郁症相比，年龄较大、诊断出抑郁症以及服用抑郁症药物的人的影响更大；目前症状和缓解症状的患者之间的效果没有差异。刺激价缓和了效果，因此，与抑郁相关的缺陷对于积极和中性刺激特别明显，但对于消极刺激则不然。受教育程度是一种保护因素，因为在更高的教育水平下，抑郁组的表现与对照组更相似。这些发现证实了抑郁症中的情景记忆缺陷，但强调了这些缺陷在许多任务和参与者相关变量中的大小的重要差异。