A series of novel dimeric pyridinium surfactants has been synthesised and the effects of a semi-flexible p -xylyl spacer and flexible, polyethylene glycol spacers have been studied. The nature of the spacer determines solubility and aggregation behaviour in two- and three-dimensional systems. Some of these insoluble compounds form two-dimensional, rigid-condensed structures at the air–water interface, while others form liquid-analogue monolayers. Whereas the latter compounds become soluble after exchange of the counterions, the former remain insoluble. The aggregation behaviour of Langmuir layers was, inter alia, investigated by Brewster angle microscopy. The micellisation behaviour of diluted aqueous solutions of soluble surfactants was primarily investigated by conductometric measurements and thermodynamic parameters of aggregation have been deduced with respect to the spacer length.

中文翻译：

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羧酰胺键合吡啶 Gemini 表面活性剂的合成与表征：间隔基团和抗衡离子的性质对聚集行为的影响

合成了一系列新型二聚吡啶鎓表面活性剂，并研究了半柔性对二甲苯基间隔物和柔性聚乙二醇间隔物的作用。间隔物的性质决定了二维和三维系统中的溶解度和聚集行为。这些不溶性化合物中的一些在空气-水界面形成二维刚性凝聚结构，而另一些则形成类似液体的单分子层。而后者化合物在交换抗衡离子后变得可溶，而前者保持不溶。朗缪尔层的聚集行为尤其通过布鲁斯特角显微镜研究。