This study examines if and how drivers respond to tolls differently after implementation by analyzing drivers’ intention to pay tolls and toll avoidance behaviors. We apply the Theory of Planned Behavior to connect intention to pay and avoidance behavior to three categories of predictors: attitudes toward tolls, perceptions of toll benefits, and ability to pay. Since the theory does not explicitly consider factors such as past experience and changes in the decision-making process over time, we utilize three analytical approaches to examine: (1) if time affects intention to pay tolls and toll avoidance behavior; (2) pathways through which time makes a difference, and (3) how factors influencing intention behaviors change pre- and post-toll implementation. We find that time does in fact matter; there are direct and indirect pathways through which time makes a difference and time changes the strength of the relationships between intention to pay and behavior.

本研究通过分析司机支付通行费的意愿和避免通行费的行为，来检验司机在实施后对通行费的反应是否以及如何不同。我们应用计划行为理论将支付意愿和回避行为与三类预测变量联系起来：对通行费的态度、对通行费收益的看法和支付能力。由于该理论没有明确考虑过去的经验和决策过程随时间的变化等因素，我们采用三种分析方法来检验：（1）时间是否影响支付通行费的意愿和避免通行费的行为；(2) 时间产生影响的途径，以及 (3) 影响意图行为的因素如何在收费实施前后发生变化。我们发现时间确实很重要。