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Mechanisms of coexistence in a diverse Neotropical mammalian carnivore community
Journal of Mammalogy ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-24 , DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac003
Gerald L Zuercher 1 , Robert D Owen 2, 3 , Julio Torres 4 , Philip S Gipson 5
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Mammalian carnivore diversity within the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú in eastern Paraguay is represented by five families (Canidae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, and Felidae) and includes large-bodied, apex predators, several omnivores, and numerous mesocarnivores. The competitive exclusion principle argues that sustained spatial and temporal coexistence of two or more species with identical ecological requirements is unsustainable. The Reserve is a mosaic of habitats that has become isolated due to extensive deforestation of the surrounding Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. Nevertheless, it is remarkable in that 16 mammalian carnivore species are documented as coexisting within the Reserve. We sought to determine the extent to which this diverse community is mitigating competition through the partitioning of available niche space by assessing dietary ecology of mammalian carnivores present, including diet breadths and dietary overlap, and by examining spatial patterns within the reserve. Feces were collected from all 16 mammalian carnivore species from seven areas within the reserve and specific identifications were confirmed by molecular analyses. Diet breadth, B^, standardized diet breadth, B^A, and Pianka’s Index for dietary overlap, O^, were calculated. A Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was performed to test for randomness of samples associated with survey areas. Diet analyses indicated a spectrum from dietary generalists to specialists. Species segregated into six dietary guilds, defined as groups of species with O^ > 0.5. Four guilds included only one species each (Neotropical otter, crab-eating fox, jaguar, and puma). The low dietary overlap between jaguar and puma contrasts with studies conducted elsewhere. One guild consisted of four highly omnivorous species (maned wolf, Molina’s hog-nosed skunk, crab-eating raccoon, and South American coati). The sixth guild included eight species which mostly consumed small vertebrates, primarily mammals as well as birds and reptiles (bush dog, two mustelines, five small felids). The mustelines (tayra and lesser grison) had extremely high dietary overlap. Although they did not segregate spatially, they are known to occupy distinct niches in vertically stratified forests. The five small felids also showed extremely high dietary overlap. Three of them were found to segregate spatially within the Reserve and two did not, although one (jaguarundi) is known to segregate temporally, being more active diurnally. The exceptionally rich community of mammalian carnivore species at the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú appeared to avoid unsustainable competition by a variety of mechanisms, some utilizing different food items, or, in the case of high dietary overlap, utilizing spatial or temporal resources differently.

中文翻译:

新热带哺乳动物食肉动物群落的共存机制

巴拉圭东部的 Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú 内的哺乳动物食肉动物多样性由 5 个科(犬科、鼠科、鼬科、浣熊科和猫科)代表,包括大型、顶级掠食者、几种杂食动物和众多中食肉动物。竞争排斥原则认为,具有相同生态要求的两个或多个物种在空间和时间上持续共存是不可持续的。该保护区是一片栖息地,由于周围的上巴拉那大西洋森林的广泛砍伐而变得孤立。然而,值得注意的是,有 16 种哺乳动物食肉动物被记录在保护区内共存。我们试图通过评估存在的哺乳动物食肉动物的饮食生态学(包括饮食广度和饮食重叠)以及检查保护区内的空间模式,来确定这个多样化的社区通过划分可用的生态位空间来减轻竞争的程度。从保护区内七个区域的所有 16 种哺乳动物食肉动物物种中收集粪便,并通过分子分析证实了具体鉴定。计算饮食宽度 B^、标准化饮食宽度 B^A 和饮食重叠的 Pianka 指数 O^。进行卡方拟合优度检验以检验与调查区域相关的样本的随机性。饮食分析表明从饮食通才到专家的范围。将物种分为六个饮食行会,定义为具有 O ^ > 的物种群。0。5. 四个公会各只包括一个物种(新热带水獭、食蟹狐、美洲虎和美洲狮)。捷豹和美洲狮之间的低饮食重叠与其他地方进行的研究形成鲜明对比。一个公会由四种高度杂食性的物种(鬃狼、莫利纳的猪鼻臭鼬、吃螃蟹的浣熊和南美浣熊)组成。第六行会包括八种主要食用小型脊椎动物的物种,主要是哺乳动物以及鸟类和爬行动物(丛林犬、两种野马、五种小型猫科动物)。mustelines(tayra 和 lesser grison)的饮食重叠度极高。尽管它们在空间上没有隔离,但众所周知,它们在垂直分层的森林中占据了不同的生态位。五只小猫科动物也表现出极高的饮食重叠。其中三个被发现在保护区内空间隔离,两个没有,尽管已知其中一个(美洲虎)会暂时隔离,但在白天更活跃。Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú 异常丰富的哺乳动物食肉动物群落似乎通过多种机制避免了不可持续的竞争,其中一些机制利用不同的食物,或者在饮食重叠度高的情况下,以不同的方式利用空间或时间资源。
更新日期:2022-01-24
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