Although it has been proposed that all languages may have some lexical stress property, recent studies of (Standard) Indonesian have concluded, based primarily on perception, that lexical stress is not present in this language. While it is philosophically problematic to prove the non-existence of a phenomenon, we examine data from a large-scale production study for both direct and indirect evidence of stress, contributing to the growing body of literature in this field. In the first case, evidence is sought that indicates that a particular syllable in a word exhibits acoustic properties typically associated with prominence (i.e. fundamental frequency (f0), duration, intensity, vowel quality). In the second case, evidence of enhancement of these properties on a particular syllable under focus is sought, for a more abstract stress property that is not overtly manifested at the word level. Although we find no evidence of lexical prominence, we observe acoustic patterns consistent with a higher level prominence corresponding to focus, manifested by strong (Intonational Phrase) boundary properties. Overall, our findings reveal that there is strong support for a class of languages lacking lexical stress, and in the absence of a stressed syllable to enhance, focus may be manifested prosodically as boundary properties.

中文翻译：

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无压力语言中的韵律突出：印尼语的声学调查

尽管有人提出所有语言都可能具有某些词汇重音特性，但最近对（标准）印度尼西亚语的研究主要基于感知得出结论，该语言中不存在词汇重音。虽然证明不存在一种现象在哲学上是有问题的，但我们检查了来自大规模生产研究的数据，以寻找压力的直接和间接证据，这有助于该领域的文献越来越多。在第一种情况下，寻找表明单词中的特定音节表现出通常与突出相关的声学特性（即基频（f0）、持续时间、强度、元音质量）的证据。在第二种情况下，寻求在特定音节上增强这些属性的证据，对于一个更抽象的重音属性，它不会在单词级别上明显地表现出来。虽然我们没有发现词汇突出的证据，但我们观察到与焦点对应的更高水平突出一致的声学模式，表现为强（语调短语）边界属性。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，对一类缺乏词汇重音的语言有很强的支持，并且在没有重读音节的情况下，焦点可能在韵律上表现为边界属性。