The literature demonstrates evidence that secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious traumatic stress (VTS) may adversely affect the well-being of refugee relief workers and, thus, the quality of their services. The present review offers an exploration of (a) the theoretical background of STS and VTS, (b) their appearance among refugee relief workers, (c) intervention studies available, (d) common points among intervention studies and guidelines on STS and VTS released by local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and (e) the potential problems that can be associated with the insufficiency of standardized intervention programs as assessed in effectiveness studies. This review may help mental health professionals in countries that host large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers, such as Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, to design more effective intervention programs targeting STS and VTS.

中文翻译：

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难民救济工作中一个被忽视的方面：继发性和替代性创伤压力

文献表明，继发性创伤性压力（STS）和替代性创伤性压力（VTS）可能对难民救济人员的福祉产生不利影响，从而影响他们的服务质量。本综述探讨了 (a) STS 和 VTS 的理论背景，(b) 它们在难民救济工作者中的表现，(c) 可用的干预研究，(d) 干预研究的共同点以及已发布的 STS 和 VTS 指南由当地和国际非政府组织 (NGO)，以及 (e) 与有效性研究评估的标准化干预计划不足相关的潜在问题。这篇综述可能有助于收容大量难民和寻求庇护者的国家的精神卫生专业人员，例如土耳其、黎巴嫩和约旦，