The intergenerational transmission of psychopathology is one of the strongest known risk factors for childhood disorder and may be a malleable target for prevention and intervention. Anxious parents have distinct parenting profiles that impact socioemotional development, and these parenting effects may result in broad alterations to the biological and cognitive functioning of their children. Better understanding the functional mechanisms by which parental risk is passed on to children can provide (1) novel markers of risk for socioemotional difficulties, (2) specific targets for intervention, and (3) behavioral and biological indices of treatment response. We propose a developmental model in which dyadic social dynamics serve as a key conduit in parent-to-child transmission of anxiety. Dyadic social dynamics capture the moment-to-moment interactions between parent and child that occur on a daily basis. In shaping the developmental trajectory from familial risk to actual symptoms, dyadic processes act on mechanisms of risk that are evident prior to, and in the absence of, any eventual disorder onset. First, we discuss dyadic synchrony or the moment-to-moment coordination between parent and child within different levels of analysis, including neural, autonomic, behavioral, and emotional processes. Second, we discuss how overt emotion modeling of distress is observed and internalized by children and later reflected in their own behavior. Thus, unlike synchrony, this is a more sequential process that cuts across levels of analysis. We also discuss maladaptive cognitive and affective processing that is often evident with increases in child anxiety symptoms. Finally, we discuss additional moderators (e.g., parent sex, child fearful temperament) that may impact dyadic processes. Our model is proposed as a conceptual framework for testing hypotheses regarding dynamic processes that may ultimately guide novel treatment approaches aimed at intervening on dyadically linked biobehavioral mechanisms before symptom onset.

精神病理学的代际传播是已知最强的儿童障碍风险因素之一，可能是预防和干预的可塑目标。焦虑的父母具有影响社会情感发展的独特育儿方式，这些育儿效应可能会导致孩子的生物学和认知功能发生广泛改变。更好地了解父母将风险传递给儿童的功能机制可以提供 (1) 社会情感困难风险的新标志，(2) 干预的具体目标，以及 (3) 治疗反应的行为和生物学指标。我们提出了一个发展模型，其中二元社会动力学作为父母向孩子传播焦虑的关键渠道。双元社交动态捕捉父母和孩子之间每天发生的即时互动。在塑造从家族风险到实际症状的发展轨迹时，二元过程作用于风险机制，这些风险机制在任何最终疾病发作之前和没有发生时都是明显的。首先，我们在不同层次的分析中讨论父母和孩子之间的二元同步或时刻协调，包括神经、自主、行为和情绪过程。其次，我们讨论公开的情绪建模痛苦的情绪会被儿童观察到并内化，然后反映在他们自己的行为中。因此，与同步不同，这是一个跨越分析层次的更连续的过程。我们还讨论了适应不良的认知和情感处理，这通常随着儿童焦虑症状的增加而明显。最后，我们讨论了可能影响二元过程的其他调节因素（例如，父母性别、孩子恐惧气质）。我们的模型被提议作为一个概念框架，用于测试有关动态过程的假设，这些假设可能最终指导新的治疗方法，旨在在症状发作前干预二元相关的生物行为机制。