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Constraints on the utilization of cereal straw in lactating dairy cows: A review from the perspective of systems biology
Animal Nutrition ( IF 6.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.002
Bing Wang 1, 2 , Huizeng Sun 1 , Diming Wang 1 , Hongyun Liu 1 , Jianxin Liu 1
Affiliation  

Cereal straw, a human inedible crop byproduct, can be used as a roughage source in ruminants. However, the nutrition density and palatability are very low, limiting its efficient utilization in animal production. This review aims to systematically provide an overview of the limitations of cereal straws, which is crucial for developing new strategies to enhance the efficient use of cereal straws by lactating dairy cows. Evolutionary molecular biology makes it possible to comprehensively understand the limitations of using cereal straw as a roughage source in dairy cows by different techniques, e.g., multi-omics. Main constraints for utilization of cereal straw and stover in lactating dairy cows include low contents of easily fermented carbohydrates (pectin) and essential amino acids (Met, Phe, and branched-chain amino acids), high content of lignin and silica, and low nutrient digestibility. These cause insufficient supply of the precursors for milk synthesis and result in increased loss of nutrients in feces and urine. Several molecular mechanisms are revealed by multi-omics techniques, including changed amino acid and glucose metabolism, altered rumen microbial composition and function, and differential expression of miRNAs, mRNA, and protein in multi-organs that are associated with milk synthesis. These can be targets of approaches to improve the utilization of cereal straw by dairy cows. In addition, much attention should be given to the efficient countermeasures, including pretreatments by fibrolytic enzymes or steam explosion, dietary formulations such as supplement of pectin, methionine, and branched-chain amino acids, and feeding with other functional feedstuffs, which may improve the feeding and economic value of cereal straw for lactating dairy cows. The newly revealed functional genes (such as BAG3 in the rumen, PC in the liver, CSN1S2 in the mammary gland) and biomarkers (hippuric acid) as well as the integrative signaling and metabolic pathways (phenylalanine metabolism) related to the shortages of cereal straws could be used as nutritional or genetic regulatory targets to improve dairy cow production.



中文翻译:

泌乳奶牛利用谷类秸秆的制约因素:系统生物学视角的综述

谷物秸秆是一种人类不可食用的作物副产品,可用作反刍动物的粗饲料。然而,营养密度和适口性非常低,限制了其在动物生产中的有效利用。本综述旨在系统地概述谷物秸秆的局限性,这对于制定提高泌乳奶牛有效利用谷物秸秆的新策略至关重要。进化分子生物学使得通过不同技术(例如多组学)全面了解使用谷物秸秆作为奶牛粗饲料来源的局限性成为可能。泌乳奶牛利用谷物秸秆和秸秆的主要限制因素包括易发酵碳水化合物(果胶)和必需氨基酸(Met、Phe 和支链氨基酸)含量低,木质素和二氧化硅含量高,营养物质消化率低。这些导致牛奶合成前体的供应不足,并导致粪便和尿液中营养物质的损失增加。多组学技术揭示了几种分子机制,包括改变氨基酸和葡萄糖代谢,改变瘤胃微生物组成和功能,以及与牛奶合成相关的多器官中 miRNA、mRNA 和蛋白质的差异表达。这些可以成为提高奶牛对谷物秸秆利用的方法的目标。此外,还应重视有效的应对措施,包括纤溶酶或蒸汽爆破预处理,膳食配方,如补充果胶、蛋氨酸和支链氨基酸,与其他功能性饲料一起饲喂,可提高谷物秸秆对泌乳奶牛的饲养和经济价值。新发现的功能基因(如瘤胃中的BAG3 、肝脏中的PC 、乳腺中的CSN1S2)和生物标志物(马尿酸)以及与谷物秸秆短缺相关的综合信号和代谢途径(苯丙氨酸代谢)可用作营养或遗传调节目标是提高奶牛产量。

更新日期:2022-02-01
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