Speech act theorists tend to hold that the illocutionary force of an utterance is determined by one interlocutor alone: either the speaker or the hearer. Yet experience tells us that the force of our utterances is not determined unilaterally. Rather, communication often feels collaborative. In this paper, I develop and defend a collaborative theory of illocutionary force, according to which the illocutionary force of an utterance is determined by an agreement reached by the speaker and the hearer. This theory, which builds upon linguistic and sociological work on adjacency pairs and conversational interaction, can accommodate the complexity of speaker intentions (which may be disjunctive, indeterminate, and/or inconsistent over time), and renders speech act theory more compatible with theories of common ground.

中文翻译：

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重新想象虚幻的力量

言语行为理论家倾向于认为话语的言外之意是由一个对话者单独决定的：要么是说话者，要么是听者。然而经验告诉我们，我们话语的力量不是单方面决定的。相反，交流常常让人感觉协作。在本文中，我发展并捍卫了一种言外之力的协同理论，根据该理论，话语的言外之力是由说话者和听者达成的协议决定的。该理论建立在邻接对和会话交互的语言学和社会学研究的基础上，可以适应说话者意图的复杂性（随着时间的推移可能是分离的、不确定的和/或不一致的），并使言语行为理论与共同点。