Functional connectome alterations, including modular network organization, have been related to the experience of hallucinations. It remains to be determined whether individuals with hallucinations across the psychosis continuum exhibit similar alterations in modular brain network organization. This study assessed functional connectivity matrices of 465 individuals with and without hallucinations, including patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, nonclinical individuals with hallucinations, and healthy controls. Modular brain network organization was examined at different scales of network resolution, including (1) global modularity measured as Qmax and Normalised Mutual Information (NMI) scores, and (2) within- and between-module connectivity. Global modular organization was not significantly altered across groups. However, alterations in within- and between-module connectivity were observed for higher-order cognitive (e.g., central-executive salience, memory, default mode), and sensory modules in patients with schizophrenia and nonclinical individuals with hallucinations relative to controls. Dissimilar patterns of altered within- and between-module connectivity were found bipolar disorder patients with hallucinations relative to controls, including the visual, default mode, and memory network, while connectivity patterns between visual, salience, and cognitive control modules were unaltered. Bipolar disorder patients without hallucinations did not show significant alterations relative to controls. This study provides evidence for alterations in the modular organization of the functional connectome in individuals prone to hallucinations, with schizophrenia patients and nonclinical individuals showing similar alterations in sensory and higher-order cognitive modules. Other higher-order cognitive modules were found to relate to hallucinations in bipolar disorder patients, suggesting differential neural mechanisms may underlie hallucinations across the psychosis continuum.

中文翻译：

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跨越精神病连续体的幻觉个体的模块化水平功能连接组改变

功能连接组的改变，包括模块化网络组织，与幻觉的经历有关。在整个精神病连续体中出现幻觉的个体是否在模块化大脑网络组织中表现出类似的变化仍有待确定。这项研究评估了 465 名有和没有幻觉的个体的功能连接矩阵，包括精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者、有幻觉的非临床个体和健康对照。在不同尺度的网络分辨率下检查模块化大脑网络组织，包括 (1) 以 Qmax 和标准化互信息 (NMI) 分数衡量的全局模块化，以及 (2) 模块内和模块间的连接性。全球模块化组织在各组之间没有显着改变。然而，在精神分裂症患者和有幻觉的非临床个体相对于对照组的高阶认知（例如，中央执行显着性、记忆、默认模式）和感觉模块中观察到模块内和模块间连接性的改变。与对照组相关的幻觉的双相情感障碍患者发现模块内和模块间连通性改变的不同模式，包括视觉、默认模式和记忆网络，而视觉、显着性和认知控制模块之间的连通性模式没有改变。没有幻觉的双相情感障碍患者相对于对照组没有表现出明显的变化。这项研究为容易产生幻觉的个体的功能连接组的模块化组织的改变提供了证据，精神分裂症患者和非临床个体在感觉和高阶认知模块中表现出类似的变化。其他高阶认知模块被发现与双相情感障碍患者的幻觉有关，这表明不同的神经机制可能是整个精神病连续体的幻觉的基础。