Measuring the social impact of oil palm requires the use of multiple metrics which capture different dimensions of well-being. To date, most studies have examined welfare outcomes at the household level, relying on a relatively narrow range of indicators. There is a need for a more diverse range of metrics to measure the social impacts of oil palm as well as more explicit accounting for study context and gendered effects. Here we demonstrate the utility of specialised time use methods used in combination with qualitative research to understand intra-household labour dynamics associated with oil palm adoption. We use a mixed-methods approach to investigate the role of smallholder oil palm plasma schemes on men and women's time use in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan. Time allocation is an important determinant of well-being as well as maternal and child nutrition and an indicator of women's empowerment and gender equality. We integrate the results from a fractional multinomial logistic regression of data from 603 individuals with qualitative findings on the subjective experience of time allocation, as well as, the causes, consequences and coping strategies to manage trade-offs in time allocation. We find that relative to non-oil-palm adopting swidden farmers, participation in oil palm plasma schemes is associated with more time spent in productive labour for both men and women, driven by off-farm labour on oil palm plantations. For women, increased time comes at the cost of reduced time spent in rest, leisure and sleep. Increased time spent in off-farm labour drives households to adapt agricultural production methods, changing cash crop production as well as accelerating swidden transitions. These changes alter gender dynamics and responsibilities within the household. Our results suggest that changes in time allocation may have significant consequences for women's well-being and gender equity. Women in the oil palm site experienced greater stress over time scarcity and employed coping strategies more frequently. Our findings indicate that time allocation could be used as an indicator of the effects of oil palm expansion and adoption on well-being and that potential effects of time scarcity on well-being, gender equity, and maternal and child nutrition should be considered by policy makers when making land use decisions.

衡量油棕的社会影响需要使用多种指标来捕捉不同维度的福祉。迄今为止，大多数研究都依赖于相对狭窄的指标范围来检查家庭层面的福利结果。需要更多样化的指标来衡量油棕的社会影响，以及更明确地说明研究背景和性别影响。在这里，我们展示了与定性研究相结合的专业时间使用方法的效用，以了解与油棕采用相关的家庭内部劳动力动态。我们使用混合方法来调查西加里曼丹省 Kapuas Hulu 区小农油棕血浆计划对男性和女性时间利用的作用。时间分配是福祉以及孕产妇和儿童营养的重要决定因素，也是妇女赋权和性别平等的指标。我们将来自 603 名个体的数据的分数多项逻辑回归的结果与时间分配的主观体验以及管理时间分配权衡的原因、后果和应对策略的定性发现相结合。我们发现，相对于非油棕收养农民，参与油棕等离子计划与男性和女性在生产性劳动中花费的时间更多有关，这是由油棕种植园的非农劳动力驱动的。对于女性来说，增加时间是以减少休息、休闲和睡眠时间为代价的。花在非农劳动力上的时间增加，促使家庭适应农业生产方法，改变经济作物的生产，并加速大规模转型。这些变化改变了家庭内的性别动态和责任。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配的变化可能对女性的福祉和性别平等产生重大影响。随着时间的推移，油棕地区的女性经历了更大的压力，并更频繁地采用应对策略。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配可用作衡量油棕扩张和采用对福祉影响的指标，政策应考虑时间稀缺对福祉、性别平等和母婴营养的潜在影响土地使用决策时的决策者。改变经济作物的生产以及加速快速转型。这些变化改变了家庭内的性别动态和责任。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配的变化可能对女性的福祉和性别平等产生重大影响。随着时间的推移，油棕地区的女性经历了更大的压力，并更频繁地采用应对策略。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配可用作衡量油棕扩张和采用对福祉影响的指标，政策应考虑时间稀缺对福祉、性别平等和母婴营养的潜在影响土地使用决策时的决策者。改变经济作物的生产以及加速快速转型。这些变化改变了家庭内的性别动态和责任。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配的变化可能对女性的福祉和性别平等产生重大影响。随着时间的推移，油棕地区的女性经历了更大的压力，并更频繁地采用应对策略。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配可用作衡量油棕扩张和采用对福祉影响的指标，政策应考虑时间稀缺对福祉、性别平等和母婴营养的潜在影响土地使用决策时的决策者。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配的变化可能对女性的福祉和性别平等产生重大影响。随着时间的推移，油棕地区的女性经历了更大的压力，并更频繁地采用应对策略。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配可用作衡量油棕扩张和采用对福祉影响的指标，政策应考虑时间稀缺对福祉、性别平等和母婴营养的潜在影响土地使用决策时的决策者。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配的变化可能对女性的福祉和性别平等产生重大影响。随着时间的推移，油棕地区的女性经历了更大的压力，并更频繁地采用应对策略。我们的研究结果表明，时间分配可用作衡量油棕扩张和采用对福祉影响的指标，政策应考虑时间稀缺对福祉、性别平等和母婴营养的潜在影响土地使用决策时的决策者。