Aspects of parenting including overprotection explain individual differences in child adjustment. This review and meta-analysis summarizes studies on parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems. To ensure that findings could be compared as systematically as possible, the focus was on studies that used the overprotection scale of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (“Memories of my Parents’ Upbringing”) (EMBU) questionnaire, a popular instrument to measure parental overprotection. In total, we extracted 176 effects from 29 studies. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform quality assessments for the included studies. Parental overprotection was associated positively with offspring internalizing and externalizing problems, with overall estimates ranging from r = .14 to .18. Moderator analyses suggested that effects of maternal were larger than effects of paternal overprotection. Other factors that moderated the strength of the association between overprotection and maladjustment included whether outcomes were self-reported or parent-reported, the design was cross-sectional or longitudinal, and publication year. Cultural context, age at exposure, and child sex did not explain differences between effect sizes. Most findings were based on cross-sectional studies and therefore do not constitute proof of causal relations. Many studies were of less-than-satisfactory quality regarding representativeness of the sample, descriptions of the data collection, and statistical analyses. There is a clear need for well-powered longitudinal studies to strengthen inferences about associations between parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems.

中文翻译：

---

EMBU 测量的父母过度保护的内化和外化相关性：系统回顾和荟萃分析

包括过度保护在内的育儿方面解释了儿童适应方面的个体差异。本综述和荟萃分析总结了关于父母过度保护以及内化和外化问题的研究。为了确保尽可能系统地比较研究结果，重点是使用Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran过度保护量表的研究（“我父母的成长回忆”）（EMBU）问卷，一种衡量父母过度保护的流行工具。我们总共从 29 项研究中提取了 176 种效应。使用修改版的纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表对纳入的研究进行质量评估。父母过度保护与后代内化和外化问题呈正相关，总体估计范围从r = .14 至 .18。调节分析表明，母亲的影响大于父亲过度保护的影响。调节过度保护与适应不良之间关联强度的其他因素包括结果是自我报告还是父母报告、设计是横断面还是纵向以及出版年份。文化背景、接触年龄和儿童性别并未解释效应量之间的差异。大多数研究结果基于横断面研究，因此不构成因果关系的证据。许多研究在样本代表性、数据收集描述和统计分析方面的质量不尽如人意。