With the number of people infected with the new coronavirus exceeding millions of confirmed infections, the world is turning to scientists and researchers, everyone is waiting – impatiently – for the results of the research that is being carried out in full swing to find an effective treatment for the virus. The recent development of the virus has witnessed at least 17 mutations that may affect its external shape, especially on the S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), which helps it attach to human cells’ receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) to make RBD–ACE2 interaction and entry to host cell. This interaction becomes stronger in the new strains of the coronavirus due to a mutation that occurs in the S-proteins that attach to human cells. For researchers and scientists to be able to confront this pandemic that has spread in the world like wildfire, they must be armed with accurate understanding and clear knowledge about coronavirus. This study focuses on polysaccharides, specifically negatively polysaccharides, that can interfere with the positive charge of the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, thus inhibiting the virus’s infectivity and destroying it. In addition, polysaccharides will boost the immune function of the vaccine, thereby fostering nonspecific immunity of the body and specific immunity of the body, cellular immunity, mucosal immunity, humoral immunity, and decreased pro-inflammatory expression. This research aims to reduce the attachment power and modify the pulling apart of the RBD and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) by polysaccharide molecules such as Arabic gum (AG) and carrageenan. The adapted fluorometric assay is used to investigate the probability of Arabic gum and ACE2 interactions. The obtained results confirmed that the interaction could take place between Arabic gum and ACE2. Several literature studies promote the use of the urchin egg as antiviral, especially for SARS-CoV-2, because it has sulfated fucan polysaccharide molecules that prevent interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with a host cell. But, to the best of our knowledge, we found that the effect of urchin egg as antiviral, especially for SARS-CoV-2 is very difficult due to the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the human cells containing sugars that terminate with N-glycolylneuraminic (Neu5Ac) as found in the sperm of sea urchin. So, s most probably an interaction has occurred between Neu5Ac in IgG of human cells and sulfated fucan polysaccharide molecules of urchin egg.

中文翻译：

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使用阿拉伯胶防止 SARS-CoV-2 与 S 蛋白受体结合的理化特性方面

随着新型冠状病毒感染人数超过数百万确诊感染，世界正在转向科学家和研究人员，每个人都在迫不及待地等待正在如火如荼进行的研究结果，以找到有效的治疗方法对于病毒。该病毒最近的发展见证了至少 17 种可能影响其外部形状的突变，尤其是在 S 蛋白受体结合域 (RBD) 上，这有助于它附着在人体细胞的受体血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 上) 使 RBD-ACE2 相互作用并进入宿主细胞。由于附着在人体细胞上的 S 蛋白发生突变，这种相互作用在新的冠状病毒株中变得更强。为了使研究人员和科学家能够应对这场像野火一样在世界范围内蔓延的流行病，他们必须对冠状病毒有准确的认识和清晰的认识。这项研究的重点是多糖，特别是负性多糖，它可以干扰 SARS-CoV-2 和 ACE2 表面的正电荷，从而抑制病毒的传染性并破坏它。此外，多糖会增强疫苗的免疫功能，从而促进机体非特异性免疫和机体特异性免疫、细胞免疫、黏膜免疫、体液免疫，并降低促炎表达。本研究旨在通过阿拉伯胶 (AG) 和角叉菜胶等多糖分子降低附着力并改变 RBD 和血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 的分离。调整后的荧光测定法用于研究阿拉伯胶和 ACE2 相互作用的可能性。所得结果证实阿拉伯胶和ACE2之间可能发生相互作用。一些文献研究提倡使用海胆卵作为抗病毒药物，特别是对于 SARS-CoV-2，因为它含有硫酸化的海藻多糖分子，可防止 SARS-CoV-2 与宿主细胞的相互作用。但是，据我们所知，我们发现海胆蛋的抗病毒作用，尤其是对于 SARS-CoV-2 来说，这是非常困难的，因为人体细胞中存在免疫球蛋白 G (IgG)，这些糖含有在海胆精子中发现的以 N-羟乙酰神经氨酸 (Neu5Ac) 终止的糖。因此，人类细胞IgG中的Neu5Ac与海胆卵的硫酸化海藻糖多糖分子之间很可能发生了相互作用。