Few issues have proven to be as vexing to courts and tribunals as the matter of causation. The causation inquiry calls for nuanced exploration of sometimes metaphysical concepts—overdetermination, novus actus interveniens, probability—while serving the practical function of balancing over-deterrence against the enforcement of legal rights. Indeed, as Aristotle famously instructs: we do not know something until we know its cause.2² The legal and philosophical literature on the topic fills volumes, with sharp disagreement on the nature of the concept even among judges and arbitrators who agree on the result of a given dispute.

中文翻译：

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因果关系与国家责任条款草案

事实证明，很少有问题像因果关系那样让法院和法庭感到烦恼。因果关系调查要求对有时形而上学的概念——过度决定、新行为、概率——进行细致入微的探索，同时服务于平衡过度威慑与执法权利的实际功能。事实上，正如亚里士多德的名言：我们只有在知道其原因之前，才能知道某事。 2 ²关于该主题的法律和哲学文献充斥着大量，即使在对结果达成一致的法官和仲裁员之间也存在对该概念的性质的尖锐分歧给定的争议。