Lake systems are essential for the environment, the biosphere, and humans but are highly impacted by anthropogenic activities accentuated by climate change. Understanding how lake ecosystems change due to human impacts and natural forces is crucial to managing their current state and possible future restoration. The high sensitivity of shallow closed lakes to natural and anthropogenic forcing makes these lacustrine ecosystems highly prone to variations in precipitation and sedimentation processes. These variation processes, occurring in the water column, produce geochemical markers or proxies recorded in lake sedimentary archives. This study investigated specific proxies on high-resolution sedimentary archives (2–3 years resolution) of the Trasimeno lake (Central Italy). The Trasimeno lake underwent three different hydrological phases during the twentieth century due to several fluctuations induced mainly by human activities and climate change. The Trasimeno lake, a large and shallow basin located in the Mediterranean area, is a good case study to assess the effects of intense anthropogenic activity related to agriculture, tourism, industry, and climate changes during the Anthropocene. The aim is to identify the main characteristics of the main sedimentary events in the lake during the last 150 years, determining the concentrations of major and trace elements, the amount of organic matter, and the mineralogical composition of the sediments. This type of work demonstrates that studying sediment archives at high resolution is a viable method for reconstructing the lake’s history through the evolution/trends of the geochemical proxies stored in the sediment records. This effort makes it possible to assess past anthropogenic impact and, under the objectives of the European Green Deal (zero-pollution ambition for a toxic-free environment), to monitor, prevent, and remedy pollution related to soil and water compartments.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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1850年以来封闭浅水湖盆地沉积过程的地球化学指标和矿物学指纹

湖泊系统对环境、生物圈和人类至关重要，但受到气候变化加剧的人为活动的影响很大。了解湖泊生态系统如何因人类影响和自然力量而变化，对于管理其当前状态和未来可能的恢复至关重要。浅层封闭湖泊对自然和人为强迫的高度敏感性使得这些湖泊生态系统极易发生降水和沉积过程的变化。这些发生在水柱中的变化过程产生了地球化学标记或记录在湖泊沉积档案中的代理。本研究调查了 Trasimeno 湖（意大利中部）高分辨率沉积档案（2-3 年分辨率）的特定代理。由于主要由人类活动和气候变化引起的几次波动，特拉西梅诺湖在 20 世纪经历了三个不同的水文阶段。Trasimeno 湖是一个位于地中海地区的大型浅水盆地，是评估人类世期间与农业、旅游、工业和气候变化相关的强烈人类活动的影响的一个很好的案例研究。目的是确定过去 150 年湖中主要沉积事件的主要特征，确定主要和微量元素的浓度、有机物的量以及沉积物的矿物组成。这种类型的工作表明，以高分辨率研究沉积物档案是一种通过沉积物记录中存储的地球化学代理的演变/趋势来重建湖泊历史的可行方法。这项工作使评估过去的人为影响成为可能，并根据欧洲绿色协议的目标（实现无毒环境的零污染目标），监测、预防和补救与土壤和水区相关的污染。

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