A general formalism is developed to evaluate the amount of work extractable from energy fluxes. It covers nonequilibrium cases when the concept of exergy is not relevant. The rate of work deficiency, which has been previously introduced as the total loss of exergy, is defined here as the total loss of work, which would have resulted if all the work were lost to the environment. New performance indicators are proposed. First, the work content factor gives the proportion of extractable work in a given amount of energy. Second, the work deficiency factor is a measure of the potential of improvement for the operation of energy conversion systems. Previous results reported in literature are particular cases of the general results obtained here. The formalism is used to evaluate the work rate extractable from the solar energy flux. Results are shown in cases where solar radiation interacts with materials without energy bandgap (metals) and with energy bandgaps (semiconductors), respectively.

中文翻译：

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从能量通量中提取的最大工作速率

开发了一种通用形式来评估可从能量通量中提取的功量。当火用的概念不相关时，它涵盖了非平衡情况。之前引入的工作不足率是火用的总损失，这里定义为工作的总损失，如果所有的工作都损失到环境中，就会产生这种情况。提出了新的绩效指标。首先，功含量因子给出了给定能量中可提取功的比例。其次，功不足系数是衡量能量转换系统运行改进潜力的指标。文献中报道的先前结果是此处获得的一般结果的特例。该形式用于评估可从太阳能通量中提取的功率。