Three experiments (a, b, c) combined to provide a well-powered examination of the effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on visual attention using an eye tracker and a space-shooter video game where a colored flashing light predicted an attacking spaceship. In each, group "control" received no pre-exposure to the light, group "same" received pre-exposure in the same context as conditioning, and group "different" received pre-exposure in a different context. Experiments differed in visual details regarding the game (1a vs. 1b and 1c) or minor details in the setup of the eye tracker (1a and 1b vs. 1c). Overall, pre-exposure retarded acquisition of keyboard responding. That effect was enhanced, rather than attenuated, by a context change. Separating participants by sign and goal trackers showed the context change enhanced the pre-exposure effect in goal trackers and reduced it in sign trackers. Visual attention to the light declined during pre-exposure and did not recover with either conditioning or a context switch. Visual attention to the light decreased during conditioning. Visual goal tracking toward where the spaceship would appear was also retarded with pre-exposure. Unlike the keyboard responding, a context change led to more normal goal-tracking acquisition. Results are discussed in terms of theories of attention and the potential effects of demand characteristics on the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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刺激预暴露和条件反射对明显视觉注意的影响。

三个实验（a、b、c）相结合，使用眼动仪和太空射击视频游戏对刺激预暴露和调节对视觉注意力的影响进行了有力的检查，其中彩色闪光预测了攻击的宇宙飞船. 在每一个中，“控制”组没有接受预曝光，“相同”组在与调节相同的环境中接受了预曝光，而“不同”组在不同的环境中接受了预曝光。实验在有关游戏的视觉细节（1a 与 1b 和 1c）或眼动仪设置中的次要细节（1a 和 1b 与 1c）方面存在差异。总体而言，预曝光延迟了键盘响应的获取。这种影响因环境变化而增强，而不是减弱。通过标志和目标跟踪器分离参与者表明，上下文变化增强了目标跟踪器中的预曝光效果并减少了标志跟踪器中的预曝光效果。在预曝光期间，对光线的视觉注意力下降，并且没有通过调节或上下文切换恢复。在调节过程中，对光线的视觉注意力下降。对宇宙飞船出现位置的视觉目标跟踪也因预曝光而延迟。与键盘响应不同，上下文变化导致更正常的目标跟踪获取。结果根据注意力理论和需求特征对任务的潜在影响进行了讨论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。在预曝光期间，对光线的视觉注意力下降，并且没有通过调节或上下文切换恢复。在调节过程中，对光线的视觉注意力下降。对宇宙飞船出现位置的视觉目标跟踪也因预曝光而延迟。与键盘响应不同，上下文变化导致更正常的目标跟踪获取。结果根据注意力理论和需求特征对任务的潜在影响进行了讨论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。在预曝光期间，对光线的视觉注意力下降，并且没有通过调节或上下文切换恢复。在调节过程中，对光线的视觉注意力下降。对宇宙飞船出现位置的视觉目标跟踪也因预曝光而延迟。与键盘响应不同，上下文变化导致更正常的目标跟踪获取。结果根据注意力理论和需求特征对任务的潜在影响进行了讨论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。上下文变化导致更正常的目标跟踪获取。结果根据注意力理论和需求特征对任务的潜在影响进行了讨论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。上下文变化导致更正常的目标跟踪获取。结果根据注意力理论和需求特征对任务的潜在影响进行了讨论。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。