The use of wireless sensor networks to measure soil parameters eliminates the need to remove sensors for field operations, such as tillage, thus allowing long-term measurements without multiple disturbances to soil structure. Wireless sensors also reduce above-ground cables and the risk of undesired equipment damage and potential data loss. However, implementing wireless sensor networks in field studies usually requires advanced and costly engineering knowledge. This study presents a new underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring soil oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture. The process of system design, assembly, programming, deployment, and power management is presented. The system can be left underground for several years without the need to change the battery. Emphasis was given on modularity so that it can be easily duplicated or changed if needed and deployed without previous engineering knowledge. Data from this type of system have a wide range of applications, including precision agriculture and high-resolution modelling.

中文翻译：

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用于监测氧气、温度和土壤湿度的地下、无线、开源、低成本系统

使用无线传感器网络测量土壤参数无需移除传感器以进行耕作等田间作业，从而允许长期测量，而不会对土壤结构造成多重干扰。无线传感器还可以减少地上电缆以及意外设备损坏和潜在数据丢失的风险。然而，在实地研究中实施无线传感器网络通常需要先进且昂贵的工程知识。本研究提出了一种用于监测土壤氧气、温度和土壤湿度的新型地下、无线、开源、低成本系统。介绍了系统设计、组装、编程、部署和电源管理的过程。该系统可以在地下放置数年而无需更换电池。强调模块化，以便在需要时可以轻松复制或更改它，并且无需先前的工程知识即可部署。来自此类系统的数据具有广泛的应用，包括精准农业和高分辨率建模。