Different dimensions of adversity may affect mental health through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, though current supporting evidence consists largely of cross-sectional associations between threat or deprivation and fronto-limbic circuitry. In this exploratory three-wave longitudinal study spanning ages 9–19 years, we examined the associations between experiences of unpredictability, threat, and deprivation with the development of functional connectivity within and between three brain networks implicated in psychopathology: the salience (SAL), default mode (DMN), and fronto-parietal (FPN) networks, and tested whether network trajectories moderated associations between adversity and changes in internalizing symptoms. Connectivity decreased with age on average; these changes differed by dimension of adversity. Whereas family-level deprivation was associated with lower initial levels and more stability across most networks, unpredictability was associated with stability only in SAL connectivity, and threat was associated with stability in FPN and DMN-SAL connectivity. In youth exposed to higher levels of any adversity, lower initial levels and more stability in connectivity were related to smaller increases in internalizing symptoms. Our findings suggest that whereas deprivation is associated with widespread neurodevelopmental differences in cognitive and emotion processing networks, unpredictability is related selectively to salience detection circuitry. Studies with wider developmental windows should examine whether these neurodevelopmental alterations are adaptive or serve to maintain internalizing symptoms.

逆境的不同维度可能通过不同的神经生物学机制影响心理健康，尽管目前的支持证据主要包括威胁或剥夺与额叶边缘回路之间的横截面关联。在这项跨越 9-19 岁的探索性三波纵向研究中，我们研究了不可预测性、威胁和剥夺的经历与心理病理学中涉及的三个大脑网络内部和之间的功能连接发展之间的关联：显着性 (SAL)、默认模式 (DMN) 和额顶叶 (FPN) 网络，并测试网络轨迹是否调节逆境与内化症状变化之间的关联。连通性平均随着年龄的增长而下降；这些变化因逆境的维度而异。虽然家庭层面的剥夺与较低的初始水平和大多数网络的稳定性有关，但不可预测性仅与 SAL 连接的稳定性相关，而威胁与 FPN 和 DMN-SAL 连接的稳定性相关。在暴露于更高水平的任何逆境中的年轻人中，较低的初始水平和更稳定的连接性与内化症状的较小增加有关。我们的研究结果表明，虽然剥夺与认知和情绪处理网络中广泛的神经发育差异相关，但不可预测性与显着性检测电路选择性相关。具有更广泛发育窗口的研究应检查这些神经发育改变是否具有适应性或有助于维持内化症状。