By introducing the concept of “structural advocacy organizations,” this study theorizes and tests the boundary conditions within which organizations designed to protect the rights of disenfranchised groups promote structural changes at the intersection of gender and race. We test these claims on Brazil's “women's police stations,” a type of structural advocacy organization with greater female representation on staff and with specialized procedures and an institutional mandate to address violence against women. The analysis indicates that homicides are lower among the population of women in municipalities which have women's police stations. However, within this group, homicides committed against women who self-identify as “black” and “brown” are lower only in municipalities that are characterized by high levels of female education and in metropolitan areas with infrastructure development. The results suggest that improving intersectional outcomes for women who are disenfranchised on race requires complementary policies and institutional mandates to address racialized violence.

中文翻译：

---

结构性倡导组织和交叉结果：女性警察局对女性凶杀案的影响

通过引入“结构性倡导组织”的概念，本研究对旨在保护被剥夺权利群体权利的组织在性别和种族的交叉点促进结构性变化的边界条件进行了理论化和测试。我们在巴西的“妇女警察局”中检验了这些说法，这是一种结构性倡导组织，女性在工作人员中的比例更高，具有专门的程序和机构授权来解决对妇女的暴力行为。分析表明，在设有妇女警察局的城市中，妇女的凶杀率较低。然而，在这个群体中，仅在女性教育水平高的城市和基础设施发达的大都市地区，对自称为“黑人”和“棕色人”的妇女实施的凶杀案较少。结果表明，改善因种族而被剥夺权利的妇女的交叉结果需要互补的政策和制度授权来解决种族化暴力问题。