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Mechanisms of lncRNA biogenesis as revealed by nascent transcriptomics
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology ( IF 112.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-25 , DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00447-6
Takayuki Nojima 1 , Nick J Proudfoot 2
Affiliation  

Mammalian genomes express two principal gene categories through RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription: protein-coding transcription units and non-coding RNA transcription units. Non-coding RNAs are further divided into relatively abundant structural RNAs, such as small nuclear RNAs, and into a myriad of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of often low abundance and low stability. Although at least some lncRNA synthesis may reflect transcriptional ‘noise’, recent studies define unique functions for either specific lncRNAs or for the process of lncRNA synthesis. Notably, the transcription, processing and metabolism of lncRNAs are regulated differently from protein-coding genes. In this Review, we provide insight into the regulation of lncRNA transcription and processing gleaned from the application of recently devised nascent transcriptomics technology. We first compare and contrast different methodologies for studying nascent transcription. We then discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating lncRNA transcription, especially transcription initiation and termination, which emphasize fundamental differences in their expression as compared with protein-coding genes. When perturbed, lncRNA misregulation leads to genomic stress such as transcription–replication conflict and R-loop-mediated DNA damage. We discuss many unresolved but important questions about the synthesis and potential functions of lncRNAs.



中文翻译:

新生转录组学揭示的lncRNA生物发生机制

哺乳动物基因组通过 RNA 聚合酶 II 介导的转录表达两个主要基因类别:蛋白质编码转录单位和非编码 RNA 转录单位。非编码 RNA 进一步分为相对丰富的结构 RNA,如小核 RNA,以及大量低丰度和低稳定性的长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA)。尽管至少某些 lncRNA 合成可能反映转录“噪音”,但最近的研究为特定 lncRNA 或 lncRNA 合成过程定义了独特的功能。值得注意的是,lncRNA 的转录、加工和代谢与蛋白质编码基因的调控方式不同。在这篇评论中,我们通过应用最近设计的新生转录组学技术提供对 lncRNA 转录和加工调控的见解。我们首先比较和对比研究新生转录的不同方法。然后,我们讨论了调节 lncRNA 转录的分子机制,特别是转录起始和终止,这强调了它们与蛋白质编码基因相比在表达上的根本差异。当受到干扰时,lncRNA 失调会导致基因组压力,例如转录-复制冲突和 R 环介导的 DNA 损伤。我们讨论了许多关于 lncRNA 的合成和潜在功能的未解决但重要的问题。然后,我们讨论了调节 lncRNA 转录的分子机制,特别是转录起始和终止,这强调了它们与蛋白质编码基因相比在表达上的根本差异。当受到干扰时,lncRNA 失调会导致基因组压力,例如转录-复制冲突和 R 环介导的 DNA 损伤。我们讨论了许多关于 lncRNA 的合成和潜在功能的未解决但重要的问题。然后,我们讨论了调节 lncRNA 转录的分子机制,特别是转录起始和终止,这强调了它们与蛋白质编码基因相比在表达上的根本差异。当受到干扰时,lncRNA 失调会导致基因组压力,例如转录-复制冲突和 R 环介导的 DNA 损伤。我们讨论了许多关于 lncRNA 的合成和潜在功能的未解决但重要的问题。

更新日期:2022-01-25
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