ABSTRACT

Contemporary power politics often takes place in liberal fora, yet scholars have not paid sustained attention to the origins and characteristics of this mode of statecraft. To trace the development of these repertoires, the negotiation practices of the 1899 and 1907 Hague conferences represent a critical transition from realist practices of the Concert system to twentieth-century liberal internationalism. At The Hague, states experimented with using parliamentary procedure: they introduced motions, held votes, signed and ratified agreements. The Hague conferences were also an occasion where states grappled with questions of institutional design. More broadly, the conferences were a moment when states appealed to concepts of public opinion, international society, and “civilisation” to legitimise change. The methods that diplomats developed for managing tensions within and amongst these repertoires remain a familiar feature of liberal statecraft until the present day.

摘要

当代强权政治往往发生在自由主义的舞台上，但学者们并没有持续关注这种治国之道的起源和特点。为了追溯这些曲目的发展，1899 年和 1907 年海牙会议的谈判实践代表了从音乐会体系的现实主义实践到 20 世纪自由国际主义的关键转变。在海牙，各州尝试使用议会程序：他们提出动议、举行投票、签署和批准协议。海牙会议也是各国努力解决制度设计问题的场合。更广泛地说，会议是各国呼吁公众舆论、国际社会和“文明”概念使变革合法化的时刻。