This article explores the link between populism and hierarchies in international relations by examining the recent foreign policy-making in Turkey and Hungary—two countries run by populist leaders. We argue that when populists bring populism into foreign policy, they do so by contesting the “corrupt elites” of the international order and, simultaneously, attempt to create the “pure people” transnationally. The populists contest the “eliteness” and leadership status of these “elites” and the international order and its institutions, that is, the “establishment,” that these “elites” have come to represent by challenging them both in discourse and in action. The creation of the “pure people” happens by discursively demarcating the “underprivileged” of the international order as a subcategory based on religion and supplementing them with aid, thus mimicking the distributive strategies of populism, this time at the international level. We illustrate that when populist leaders, insert populism into foreign policies of their respective states, through contesting the “corrupt elites” and creating the “pure people,” the built-in vertical stratification mechanisms of populism that stems from the antagonistic binaries inherent to populism provide them with the necessary superiority and inferiority labels allowing them to renegotiate hierarchies in the international system in an attempt to modify the existing ones or to create new ones.

中文翻译：

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对抗“腐败精英”，创造“纯粹的人”，重新谈判国际秩序的等级制度？土耳其和匈牙利的民粹主义和外交政策制定

本文通过考察土耳其和匈牙利这两个由民粹主义领导人管理的国家最近的外交政策制定，探讨了国际关系中民粹主义与等级制度之间的联系。我们认为，当民粹主义者将民粹主义纳入外交政策时，他们是通过与国际秩序中的“腐败精英”抗衡，同时试图跨国地创造“纯粹的人民”。民粹主义者对这些“精英”的“精英”和领导地位以及国际秩序及其制度，即这些“精英”所代表的“体制”提出质疑，在话语和行动中挑战他们。“纯粹的人”的产生是通过将国际秩序的“弱势群体”划分为基于宗教的子类别并辅以援助来实现的，从而模仿民粹主义的分配策略，这一次是在国际层面。我们举例说明，当民粹主义领导人将民粹主义插入各自国家的外交政策时，通过对抗“腐败精英”和创造“纯粹的人”，民粹主义内在的垂直分层机制源于民粹主义固有的对立二元。为他们提供必要的优劣标签，使他们能够重新协商国际体系中的等级制度，以试图修改现有的等级或创造新的等级。