Because political incivility is so consequential and those consequences depend on observers’ perceptions, we must know what Americans perceive as uncivil. Stryker, Conway, and Danielson (2016) conducted one of the first studies addressing this using confirmatory factor analysis on 23 types of potential incivility, but the authors used a local sample representing undergraduates at one southwestern university. Using 20 of their 23 measures and replicating their analyses on a national sample of more than 2000 respondents representing U.S. whites, Blacks, and Latinx, this study finds the same conceptual structure for perceived political incivility with very similar response patterns as Stryker et al. (2016). Perceived political incivility is an overarching construct with three analytically distinct, inter-correlated dimensions: insulting utterances, deception, and behaviors that tend to shut down ongoing and inclusive discussion.

中文翻译：

---

复制说明：什么是政治不文明行为？

因为政治不文明行为如此严重，而这些后果取决于观察者的看法，所以我们必须知道美国人认为什么是不文明的。Stryker、Conway 和 Danielson（2016 年）使用验证性因素分析对 23 种潜在的不文明行为进行了首批研究之一，但作者使用了代表西南一所大学本科生的本地样本。使用他们的 23 项措施中的 20 项，并在代表美国白人、黑人和拉丁裔的 2000 多名受访者的全国样本中重复他们的分析，本研究发现了与 Stryker 等人的反应模式非常相似的感知政治不文明的概念结构。（2016 年）。感知到的政治不文明行为是一个总体结构，具有三个分析上不同、相互关联的维度：侮辱性言论、