This article shows that differences in the economic incorporation of Muslims and other immigrant minorities in France and in Canada are mainly related to immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Differences in ethno-specific penalties due to national cultural frames — related to multiculturalism in Canada and secular republicanism in France — are small, affect only the second generation, and are related both to minority household patterns and to treatment in mainstream institutions. Using data on household incomes from two large-scale surveys (Trajectories and Origins in France 2008–2009 and the Canadian National Household Survey 2011) and taking account of cross-setting differences in Muslim and other minority origins, we model cross-generational economic trajectories reflecting the impact of immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Within this framework, we examine four ways that cultural frames may affect minority economic disadvantage: the significance of religion relative to race, citizenship access, labor market discrimination, and minority household patterns, including employment of women in couples and intergenerational cohabitation. Across all minorities, we find a striking cross-national difference in intergenerational economic trajectories: flat in France and upward in Canada, plausibly reflecting institutional differences. Net of sociodemographic controls, both religion and race matter in each setting, and net Muslim disadvantage is similar in each. Citizenship differences have little impact. Labor market earnings discrimination appears similar. A small potential effect of cultural frames appears in second-generation Muslim households: in France, lower female employment rates reduce household incomes, while in English-speaking Canada, more frequent cohabitation with more affluent parents increases household incomes. Yet even these findings do not necessarily diminish the overriding significance of immigrant selectivity, labor market structure, and welfare transfers.

本文表明，穆斯林和其他少数族裔移民在法国和加拿大的经济融合差异主要与移民选择性、劳动力市场结构和福利转移有关。由于国家文化框架（与加拿大的多元文化主义和法国的世俗共和主义有关）而导致的种族特定处罚差异很小，仅影响第二代，并且与少数族裔家庭模式和主流机构的待遇有关。使用来自两项大规模调查（2008-2009 年法国的轨迹和起源以及 2011 年加拿大全国家庭调查）的家庭收入数据，并考虑到穆斯林和其他少数族裔起源的交叉设置差异，我们模拟了跨代经济轨迹反映移民选择性的影响，劳动力市场结构和福利转移。在这个框架内，我们研究了文化框架可能影响少数族裔经济劣势的四种方式：宗教相对于种族、公民身份、劳动力市场歧视和少数族裔家庭模式的重要性，包括女性在夫妻中的就业和代际同居。在所有少数民族中，我们发现代际经济轨迹存在显着的跨国差异：法国持平，加拿大上升，这似乎反映了制度差异。扣除社会人口控制后，宗教和种族在每种情况下都很重要，而穆斯林的净劣势在每种情况下都是相似的。公民身份差异几乎没有影响。劳动力市场的收入歧视似乎很相似。文化框架的一个小潜在影响出现在第二代穆斯林家庭中：在法国，较低的女性就业率会降低家庭收入，而在讲英语的加拿大，与更富裕的父母更频繁地同居会增加家庭收入。然而，即使是这些发现也不一定会削弱移民选择性、劳动力市场结构和福利转移的重要性。