This study focuses on bio-hydrogen production from household mixed waste via hydrothermal gasification (HTG) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) experiments. HTG and HTL studies were performed at temperature 280–420 °C and 280–360 °C, catalyst of 1–5 wt% and varying solvent proportion. Bentonite/Nb-TiO₂ catalyst was synthesized via sol-gel method. Maximum hydrogen yield from HTL was 26 wt% (catalyst load: 3 wt%) and HTG was 39 wt% (catalyst load: 4 wt%) for solvent to waste ratio of 13.33 mL/g, ethanol to water ratio of 1:1 and time of 60 min. Enhanced hydrogen yield in the HTG process was via gas water shift, methanation and reforming reactions in the system due to ethanol as half-solvent and optimum solvent to biomass load. Second product from HTL process was bio-oil which resulted in yield of 33 wt% with O/C and H/C values of 0.1 and 0.95 with HHV of 34.74 MJ/kg. Mechanistic reactions like depolymerisation, hydration, reduction and hydrolysis reaction in the HTL system resulted in higher proportion of gaseous product. Optimization studies showed that temperature and solvent to waste ratio are the desired variables in the hydrogen production process. This study provides support for energy nexuses from household mixed waste.

本研究的重点是通过水热气化 (HTG) 和水热液化 (HTL) 实验从家庭混合垃圾中生产生物氢。HTG 和 HTL 研究在 280-420°C 和 280-360°C 的温度下进行，催化剂为 1-5 wt% 和不同的溶剂比例。膨润土/Nb-TiO ₂采用溶胶-凝胶法合成催化剂。HTL 的最大氢气产量为 26 wt%（催化剂负载：3 wt%），HTG 为 39 wt%（催化剂负载：4 wt%），溶剂与废物的比例为 13.33 mL/g，乙醇与水的比例为 1:1和60分钟的时间。由于乙醇作为半溶剂和对生物质负载的最佳溶剂，通过系统中的气水变换、甲烷化和重整反应提高了 HTG 工艺中的氢气产率。HTL 工艺的第二种产品是生物油，其产率为 33 wt%，O/C 和 H/C 值为 0.1 和 0.95，HHV 为 34.74 MJ/kg。HTL系统中的解聚、水合、还原和水解反应等机械反应导致气态产物的比例更高。优化研究表明，温度和溶剂与废物的比例是制氢过程中所需的变量。这项研究为家庭混合废物的能源关系提供了支持。