Pen shells hold some potential for cultivation, but information on aquaculture activities is fragmentary, and no sustained or commercial production of any such species is currently in place. We reviewed information available worldwide on reproductive cycles, wild juvenile collection, spat production in hatcheries and cultivation systems for 45 pen shell species. We found information on the topics of interest for 15 species, Atrina maura and Atrina pectinata being the most studied. Reproductive cycles have been described for ten species, but size at first maturity has been reported only for A. maura and Pinna rugosa. Onion mesh bags and mosquito nets are the materials used for wild juvenile collection of most species. Nevertheless, seed collection has decreased for some species because of overexploitation, diseases or trawling that has severely impacted populations, so spat production in hatcheries is a fundamental aspect. Yet, hatcheries face challenges due to the high mortality of umbo larvae and during metamorphosis, and larvae produced by broodstock with overmature gonads. Market size individuals can be produced using culture methods currently available, but hatchery protocols and culture devices must be tailored specifically for pen shells. Reduced availability of wild spat and limited spat production in hatcheries are major constraints for developing and sustaining cultures. Studies on reproduction and spat production are necessary, as well as the implementation of protection measures and development of restoration plans for pen shell populations. Apparently, there is insufficient information available to foster the development of aquaculture, with tensions between preserving species and aquaculture programmes.

中文翻译：

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繁殖、幼体收集、卵生产和养殖圈壳的全球概述

笔壳具有一定的养殖潜力，但有关水产养殖活动的信息不完整，目前还没有任何此类物种的持续或商业生产。我们审查了世界范围内关于 45 种圈壳物种的繁殖周期、野生幼体采集、孵化场的卵生产和养殖系统的信息。我们找到了 15 个物种感兴趣的主题的信息，Atrina maura和Atrina pectinata是研究最多的。已经描述了十个物种的生殖周期，但仅报告了A的第一次成熟时的大小。maura和Pinna rugosa. 洋葱网袋和蚊帐是大多数物种的野生幼鱼采集的材料。然而，由于过度捕捞、疾病或拖网捕捞严重影响种群，某些物种的种子采集量有所减少，因此孵化场的卵子生产是一个基本方面。然而，由于umbo 幼体和变态过程中的高死亡率以及由具有过成熟性腺的亲鱼产生的幼体，孵化场面临挑战。市场规模的个体可以使用目前可用的培养方法生产，但孵化场协议和培养设备必须专门针对笔壳进行定制。野生鱼卵供应减少和孵化场鱼卵产量有限是发展和维持养殖的主要限制因素。有必要对繁殖和产卵进行研究，以及为笔壳种群实施保护措施和制定恢复计划。显然，没有足够的信息来促进水产养殖的发展，物种保护与水产养殖计划之间存在紧张关系。