An emerging strategy for synthesizing nanoclusters and nanoparticles involves the confinement of particle precursors within small volumes and the subsequent reduction and aggregation of those precursors into discrete particles. These spatially isolated volumes are termed nanoreactors, and they impose barriers that not only restrict the movement of metal atoms and other reactants but also provide reaction conditions that are distinct from those of the surrounding environment. Nanoreactors for particle syntheses can be prepared by various strategies, which fall generally into two categories: solution-based and substrate-confined. Solution-based nanoreactors are broadly defined as 3D capsules that can be manipulated in solution, whereas substrate-confined nanoreactors are isolated volumes on a macroscopic substrate or surface. Here, we survey and analyse the merits of different nanoreactor techniques used to synthesize clusters and nanoparticles that cannot easily be made using traditional methods. We look at how the focus in this field has expanded beyond pure synthesis to making massive and complex libraries of materials and enabling exploration of the materials genome through high-throughput screening techniques.

一种用于合成纳米团簇和纳米粒子的新兴策略涉及将粒子前体限制在小体积内，然后将这些前体还原和聚集成离散粒子。这些空间隔离的体积被称为纳米反应器，它们施加的障碍不仅限制了金属原子和其他反应物的移动，而且还提供了与周围环境不同的反应条件。用于粒子合成的纳米反应器可以通过多种策略制备，通常分为两类：基于溶液的和受限于底物的。基于溶液的纳米反应器被广泛定义为可以在溶液中操作的 3D 胶囊，而基板受限的纳米反应器是宏观基板或表面上的孤立体积。这里，我们调查和分析了用于合成无法使用传统方法轻松制造的簇和纳米粒子的不同纳米反应器技术的优点。我们着眼于该领域的关注点如何从单纯的合成扩展到制作庞大而复杂的材料库，并通过高通量筛选技术实现对材料基因组的探索。