There has been serious damage to embankments on liquefied ground due to large earthquakes. To understand such damage process, two-dimensional shaking table model tests have been usually performed, in both gravitational and centrifugal fields, to investigate the dynamic behaviour and residual displacement of embankments on liquefiable ground. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis has been used in practical design to consider dynamic behaviours of 3D embankments on liquefiable ground. However, there are only a limited number of cases in which the applicability of 3D analysis has been validated based on comparisons with data measured at model tests or actual disasters. Therefore, in this study, a series of shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of a 3D embankment on liquefiable ground. In addition, the effect of the shaking direction on the seismic behaviour of the embankment was evaluated. The experiment revealed that the residual deformation and its dominant direction were significantly affected by the 3D shape and total weight of the embankment, not by the shaking direction. This result indicates that the influence of the 3D shape of the embankment on the deformation behaviour cannot be ignored, and that the influence should be properly evaluated in seismic design.

中文翻译：

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液化地面路堤的三维动力特性

由于大地震，液化地面上的路基遭到严重破坏。为了了解这种破坏过程，通常在重力场和离心场中进行二维振动台模型试验，以研究液化地面上路堤的动态行为和残余位移。近年来，三维（3D）数值分析已被用于实际设计中，以考虑液化地面上 3D 路堤的动态行为。然而，只有少数情况下，3D 分析的适用性已通过与模型测试或实际灾害中测量的数据的比较得到验证。因此，在本研究中，进行了一系列振动台试验来研究液化地面上 3D 路堤的地震行为。此外，评估了震动方向对路堤抗震性能的影响。实验表明，残余变形及其主导方向受路堤 3D 形状和总重量的显着影响，而不是受震动方向的影响。这一结果表明路堤3D形状对变形行为的影响不容忽视，抗震设计中应适当评估这种影响。