Montados are oak wood-pastures occupying 11% of the Portuguese territory. This agroforestry system has been traditionally used for animal husbandry, agricultural, and forestry purposes. Present day Montados are threatened by land use changes, either intensification or abandonment, and climate global warming that has fostered parasitic plagues and enhanced hydric stress. This study highlights the relevance of holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) wood-pastures in SE Portugal’s landscape throughout the last 125 years and assesses its health condition for the last two decades aiming to evaluate the chances of its continuity. Spatially, we use the Portuguese territory on the left bank of the Guadiana river for the historical changes on land use, and 6 farmlands located within this region to analyse present day tendencies. Temporally, we consider the intervals 1890–2015 and 2006–2019. We analysed five land use maps from different dates using ArcGIS to access holm oak Montados’ areas in the different dates to analyse its variation over time. We used Google Earth’s images to evaluate the present-day tendencies in tree density and mortality. Results indicate that holm oak woodland distribution in the study area increased during the twentieth century having maintained quite stable from the 1990’s to the present day. However, a negative trend in tree density during the latter period was found. We also verified that tree natural regeneration is not enough to replace dying trees hinting towards a conversion of grazed woodlands into treeless pastures, concluding that if these tendencies persist the continuity of the holm oak agroforestry system in south-eastern Portugal may be threatened.

Montados 是占葡萄牙领土 11% 的橡木牧场。这种农林业系统传统上用于畜牧业、农业和林业目的。如今，蒙塔多斯受到土地利用变化的威胁，无论是集约化还是废弃，以及导致寄生瘟疫和加剧的水压力的气候全球变暖。这项研究强调了圣栎（Quercus rotundifolia) 在过去 125 年中葡萄牙东南部景观中的林地牧场，并评估其过去二十年的健康状况，旨在评估其连续性的机会。在空间上，我们使用瓜迪亚纳河左岸的葡萄牙领土来了解土地利用的历史变化，以及位于该地区的6个农田来分析当今的趋势。在时间上，我们考虑 1890-2015 年和 2006-2019 年的区间。我们使用 ArcGIS 分析了五张不同日期的土地利用地图，以访问不同日期的圣橡树 Montados 地区，以分析其随时间的变化。我们使用 Google 地球的图像来评估当前树木密度和死亡率的趋势。结果表明，研究区的圣栎林地分布在 20 世纪有所增加，从 1990 年代至今一直保持相当稳定。然而，发现后期树木密度呈负趋势。我们还证实，树木的自然再生不足以取代垂死的树木，这暗示着将放牧的林地转变为无树的牧场，得出的结论是，如果这些趋势持续下去，葡萄牙东南部的圣橡树混农林业系统的连续性可能会受到威胁。