In spite of big data and new techniques, the phylogeny and timing of cockroaches remain in dispute. Apart from sequencing more species, an alternative way to improve the phylogenetic inference and time estimation is to improve the quality of data, calibrations and analytical procedure. This study emphasizes the completeness of data, the reliability of genes (judged via alignment ambiguity and substitution saturation), and the justification for fossil calibrations. Based on published mitochondrial genomes, the Bayesian phylogeny of cockroaches and termites is recovered as: Corydiinae + (((Cryptocercidae + Isoptera) + ((Anaplectidae + Lamproblattidae) + (Tryonicidae + Blattidae))) + (Pseudophyllodromiinae + (Ectobiinae + (Blattellinae + Blaberidae)))). With two fossil calibrations, namely, Valditermes brenanae and Piniblattella yixianensis, this study dates the crown Dictyoptera to early Jurassic, and crown Blattodea to middle Jurassic. Using the ambiguous ‘roachoid’ fossils to calibrate Dictyoptera+sister pushes these times back to Permian and Triassic. This study also shows that appropriate fossil calibrations are rarer than considered in previous studies.

中文翻译：

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蟑螂的系统发育和年龄：选择性化石校准对有丝分裂基因组的再分析

 尽管有大数据和新技术，但蟑螂的系统发育和时间仍然存在争议。除了对更多物种进行测序外，改进系统发育推断和时间估计的另一种方法是提高数据、校准和分析程序的质量。本研究强调数据的完整性、基因的可靠性（通过比对模糊度和替代饱和度来判断）以及化石校准的合理性。根据公布的线粒体基因组，蟑螂和白蚁的贝叶斯系统发育恢复为： Corydiinae + (((Cryptocercidae + Isoptera) + ((Anaplectidae + Lamproblattidae) + (Tryonicidae + Blattidae))) + (Pseudophyllodromiinae + (Ectobiinae + (Blattellinae) + Blaberidae））））。通过两个化石校准，即 Valditermes brenanae 和 Piniblattella yixianensis，这项研究将冠型盘翅目（Dictyoptera）定为侏罗纪早期，将冠蝽属（Crattodea）定于侏罗纪中期。使用模棱两可的“蟑螂”化石来校准网翅目+姐妹将这些时间推回到二叠纪和三叠纪。这项研究还表明，适当的化石校准比以前的研究中考虑的要少。