Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are prospective candidates for large-scale energy storage systems cause of their abundant resources. However, unsatisfactory rate and cycling performance of carbon-based anodes present a bottleneck for the applications of SIBs/PIBs due to the large sizes of sodium/potassium ions. Herein, oxygen-doped vertically aligned carbon aerogels (VCAs) with hierarchically tailored channels are synthesized as anodes in SIBs/PIBs via a controllable unidirectional ice-templating technique. VCA-3 (cooling rate of 3 K min⁻¹) delivers the highest reversible capacity of ≈298 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C with an excellent cycling performance over 2000 cycles at 0.5 C for SIBs, while VCA-5 manifests a superior capacity of ≈258 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C with an 82.7% retention over 1000 cycles at 0.5 C for PIBs. Moreover, their full cells demonstrate the promising potential of VCAs in applications. This novel controllable ice-templating strategy opens unique avenues to tune the construction of hollow aligned channels for shortening ion-transport pathways and ensuring structural integrity. New insights into structure-performance correlations regulated by the cooling rates of an ice-templating strategy and design guidelines for electrodes applicable in multiple energy storage technologies are reported.

中文翻译：

---

具有用于钠离子和钾离子电池的分层定制通道的冰模板、可持续碳气凝胶

钠离子电池（SIBs）和钾离子电池（PIBs）由于资源丰富，是大规模储能系统的潜在候选者。然而，由于钠/钾离子尺寸较大，碳基负极的速率和循环性能不理想，这成为 SIBs/PIBs 应用的瓶颈。在此，通过可控的单向冰模板技术合成了具有分级定制通道的氧掺杂垂直排列碳气凝胶（VCA）作为 SIB/PIB 中的阳极。VCA-3（冷却速率为 3 K min ^-1）在 0.1 C 时具有最高的可逆容量 ≈298 mAh g ^-1，对于 SIB，在 0.5 C 下超过 2000 次循环具有出色的循环性能，而 VCA-5 则表现出优异的容量≈258 mAh g ^-1在 0.1 C 下，PIB 在 0.5 C 下 1000 次循环后保留率为 82.7%。此外，它们的全细胞展示了 VCA 在应用中的巨大潜力。这种新颖的可控冰模板策略为调整中空对齐通道的构造开辟了独特的途径，以缩短离子传输路径并确保结构完整性。报告了由冰模板策略的冷却速率和适用于多种储能技术的电极设计指南调节的结构-性能相关性的新见解。