A biomarker describes a measurable indicator of a patient's clinical condition that can be measured accurately and reproducibly. Biomarkers offer utility for diagnosis, prognosis, early disease recognition, risk stratification, appropriate treatment (theranostics), and trial enrichment for patients with sepsis or suspected sepsis. In this narrative review, we aim to answer the question, "Do biomarkers in patients with sepsis or septic shock predict mortality, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), or organ dysfunction?" We also discuss the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and biomarkers associated with intestinal permeability, endothelial injury, organ dysfunction, blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, brain injury, and short and long-term mortality. For sepsis, a range of biomarkers is identified, including fluid phase pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), complement system, cytokines, chemokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), non-coding RNAs, miRNAs, cell membrane receptors, cell proteins, metabolites, and soluble receptors. We also provide an overview of immune response biomarkers that can help identify or differentiate between systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, septic shock, and sepsis-associated encephalopathy. However, significant work is needed to identify the optimal combinations of biomarkers that can augment diagnosis, treatment, and good patient outcomes.

中文翻译：

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败血症的生物标志物：不仅仅是发烧和白细胞增多——叙述性综述

生物标志物描述了患者临床状况的可测量指标，可以准确且可重复地测量。生物标志物为脓毒症或疑似脓毒症患者的诊断、预后、早期疾病识别、风险分层、适当治疗（治疗诊断学）和试验丰富提供实用性。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们旨在回答以下问题：“脓毒症或脓毒性休克患者的生物标志物是否可以预测死亡率、多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS) 或器官功能障碍？” 我们还讨论了促炎和抗炎生物标志物以及与肠道通透性、内皮损伤、器官功能障碍、血脑屏障 (BBB) 破坏、脑损伤以及短期和长期死亡率相关的生物标志物的作用。对于脓毒症，确定了一系列生物标志物，包括液相模式识别分子 (PRM)、补体系统、细胞因子、趋化因子、损伤相关分子模式 (DAMP)、非编码 RNA、miRNA、细胞膜受体、细胞蛋白、代谢物和可溶性受体。我们还概述了有助于识别或区分全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、脓毒症、脓毒性休克和脓毒症相关脑病的免疫反应生物标志物。然而，需要大量工作来确定可以增强诊断、治疗和良好患者结果的生物标志物的最佳组合。我们还概述了有助于识别或区分全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、脓毒症、脓毒性休克和脓毒症相关脑病的免疫反应生物标志物。然而，需要大量工作来确定可以增强诊断、治疗和良好患者结果的生物标志物的最佳组合。我们还概述了有助于识别或区分全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、脓毒症、脓毒性休克和脓毒症相关脑病的免疫反应生物标志物。然而，需要大量工作来确定可以增强诊断、治疗和良好患者结果的生物标志物的最佳组合。