Promoting energy efficiency is generally assumed to be an effective strategy to reduce energy use and tackle climate change. However, an extensive literature has shown that rebound effects reduce its effectiveness and can even be counterproductive. We show how a more complex policy strategy, with coordinated measures, could provide the desired results by offsetting energy and carbon rebound effects. Along with the energy-efficiency improvement, we separately implement five different policies: carbon taxes, energy production taxes, an emissions trading system, and changes in consumption patterns (away from energy and toward services consumption). These policies are assessed using an economy–energy–environment dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model developed for Catalonia, and compared in economic, energy, and environmental terms. The simulations show that all the strategies tested are able to offset rebounds at a low cost, with a proper design. All of them improve GDP in relation to the no-efficiency improvement base case. If tax revenues from the parallel policies are used to encourage investment, the long-term effect on GDP may even be positive.

提高能源效率通常被认为是减少能源使用和应对气候变化的有效战略。然而，大量文献表明，回弹效应会降低其有效性，甚至会适得其反。我们展示了更复杂的政策策略和协调措施如何通过抵消能源和碳反弹效应来提供预期的结果。随着能源效率的提高，我们分别实施了五项不同的政策：碳税、能源生产税、排放交易制度和消费模式的转变（从能源消费转向服务消费）。这些政策使用为加泰罗尼亚开发的经济-能源-环境动态可计算一般均衡 (CGE) 模型进行评估，并在经济、能源和环境方面进行比较。模拟表明，所有测试的策略都能够以低成本抵消反弹，并采用适当的设计。所有这些都提高了与无效率改进基本情况相关的 GDP。如果将平行政策的税收收入用于鼓励投资，对GDP的长期影响甚至可能是积极的。