Having biological children remains an unattainable dream for most couples with reproductive failure or gonadal dysgenesis. The combination of stem cells with gene editing technology and organ-on-a-chip models provides a unique opportunity for infertile patients with impaired gametogenesis caused by congenital disorders in sex development or cancer survivors. But how will these technologies overcome human infertility? This review discusses the regenerative mechanisms, applications, and advantages of different types of stem cells for restoring gametogenesis in infertile patients, as well as major challenges that must be overcome before clinical application. The importance and limitations of in vitro generation of gametes from patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will be discussed in the context of human reproduction. The potential role of organ-on-a-chip models that can direct differentiation of hiPSC-derived primordial germ cell-like cells to gametes and other reproductive organoids is also explored. These rapidly evolving technologies provide prospects for improving fertility to individuals and couples who experience reproductive failure.

中文翻译：

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干细胞和器官芯片：用于人类不孕症治疗的新有前途的技术。

对于大多数生殖失败或性腺发育不全的夫妇来说，拥有亲生孩子仍然是一个无法实现的梦想。干细胞与基因编辑技术和器官芯片模型的结合为先天性发育障碍或癌症幸存者导致配子发生受损的不育患者提供了独特的机会。但这些技术将如何克服人类不育症？本综述讨论了不同类型干细胞在恢复不育患者配子发生中的再生机制、应用和优势，以及临床应用前必须克服的主要挑战。将在人类生殖的背景下讨论从患者特异性人类诱导的多能干细胞 (hiPSC) 体外生成配子的重要性和局限性。还探讨了可以指导 hiPSC 衍生的原始生殖细胞样细胞分化为配子和其他生殖类器官的器官芯片模型的潜在作用。这些快速发展的技术为经历生殖失败的个人和夫妇提供了提高生育能力的前景。