Rapid advances in deep-sea mining engineering have created an urgent need for the accurate evaluation of the undrained strength of marine soils, especially surface soils. Significant achievements have been made using full-flow penetration penetrometers to evaluate marine soil strength in the deep penetration; however, a method considering the effect of ambient water on the surface penetration needs to be established urgently. In this study, penetrometers with multiple probes were developed and used to conduct centrifuge experiments on South China Sea soil and kaolin clay. First, the forces on the probes throughout the penetration process were systematically analyzed and quantified. Second, the spatial influence zone was determined by capturing the resistance changes and sample crack development, and the penetration depth for a sample to reach a stable failure mode was given. Third, the vane shear strength was used to invert the penetration resistance factor of the ball and determine the range of the penetration resistance factor values. Furthermore, a methodology to determine the penetration resistance factors for surface marine soils was established. Finally, the effect of the water cavity above various probes in the surface penetration was used to formulate an internal mechanism for variations in the penetration resistance factor.

深海采矿工程的快速发展迫切需要准确评估海洋土壤，特别是表层土壤的不排水强度。采用全流贯入式测深仪对深贯入海中的土壤强度进行评价取得了显著成果；然而，迫切需要建立一种考虑环境水对地表渗透影响的方法。在这项研究中，开发了具有多个探针的渗透计，并用于对南海土壤和高岭土进行离心实验。首先，系统地分析和量化了整个穿透过程中探针上的力。其次，通过捕捉电阻变化和样品裂纹发展确定空间影响区，并给出了样品达到稳定失效模式的穿透深度。第三，利用叶片剪切强度反演球的穿透阻力系数，确定穿透阻力系数值的范围。此外，还建立了一种确定表层海洋土壤渗透阻力因子的方法。最后，利用各种探头上方的水腔对表面穿透的影响来制定穿透阻力系数变化的内部机制。