Municipal wastewater (MWW) or urban wastewater (UWW) is generated by the domestic consumption of freshwater, which contains a huge amount of nutrients. The release of unprocessed wastewater causes eutrophication and harms aquatic life. Moreover, ingestion of polluted MWW causes a severe negative impact on human health. Microalgae are unicellular, eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and have the capability of nutrient assimilation in the presence of light. Moreover, the produced biomass can be used for the generation of value-added bioproducts such as bioenergy. However, conventional microalgae-based MWW treatment is not as sustainable on a commercial scale. Therefore, more advanced approaches using microalgae need to be integrated in wastewater cultivation systems to improve nutrient removal efficiency. Thus, the present review explores the use of microalgae for the removal of nutrients from MWW, provides an outlook of direct and indirect methods of nutrient uptake from wastewater and the effects of the influencing factors in biomass growth. Moreover, the review also gives insight into recent approaches used for MWW treatment and the applications of algal biomass resulting from treated wastewater. It is predicted that microalgae-based MWW treatment systems will be a significant green approach to help eliminate nutrient loads and implement circular economy.

中文翻译：

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微藻在城市废水处理中的多方面作用：废水管理的未来展望

城市污水（MWW）或城市污水（UWW）是由家庭消耗淡水产生的，其中含有大量的营养物质。未经处理的废水排放会导致富营养化并危害水生生物。此外，摄入受污染的MWW会对人类健康造成严重的负面影响。微藻是单细胞的真核光合生物，在光照条件下具有同化养分的能力。此外，生产的生物质可用于生产生物能源等增值生物产品。然而，传统的基于微藻的 MWW 处理在商业规模上并不可持续。因此，需要将更先进的使用微藻的方法集成到废水培养系统中，以提高养分去除效率。因此，本综述探讨了使用微藻去除 MWW 中的养分，展望了直接和间接从废水中吸收养分的方法以及影响因素对生物量生长的影响。此外，该综述还深入了解了用于 MWW 处理的最新方法以及处理过的废水产生的藻类生物质的应用。据预测，基于微藻的 MWW 处理系统将成为有助于消除营养负荷和实施循环经济的重要绿色方法。该评论还深入了解了用于MWW处理的最新方法以及处理过的废水产生的藻类生物质的应用。据预测，基于微藻的 MWW 处理系统将成为有助于消除营养负荷和实施循环经济的重要绿色方法。该评论还深入了解了用于MWW处理的最新方法以及处理过的废水产生的藻类生物质的应用。据预测，基于微藻的 MWW 处理系统将成为有助于消除营养负荷和实施循环经济的重要绿色方法。