hanical ventilation, and analgesia to thousands. But while Europe was suffering under the Nazi boot, anesthesia was preparing to rise to the challenge posed by the impending war. While war brings death and destruction, it also opens the way to medical advances. The aim of this study is to measure the evolution of anesthesia owing to WWII. We conducted a retrospective observational bibliometric study involving a quantitative and statistical analysis of publications. The following 7 journals were selected to cover European and North American anesthesia-related publications: Anesthesia & Analgesia, the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie, Surgery, La Presse Médicale, and The Military Surgeon (later Military Medicine). Attention was focused on journal volumes published between 1920 and 1965. After reviewing the literature, we selected 12 keywords representing important advances in anesthesiology since 1920: “anesthesia,” “balanced anesthesia,” “barbiturates,” “d-tubocurarine,” “endotracheal intubation,” “ether,” “lidocaine,” “morphine,” “spinal anesthesia,” “thiopental,” “transfusion,” and “trichloroethylene.” Titles of original articles from all selected journals editions between 1920 and 1965 were screened for the occurrence of 1 of the 12 keywords. A total of 26,132 original article titles were screened for the occurrence of the keywords. A total of 1815 keywords were found. Whereas Anesthesia & Analgesia had the highest keyword occurrence (493 citations), Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie had the lowest (38 citations). The number of publications of the 12 keywords was significantly higher in the postwar than in the prewar period (65% and 35%, respectively; P < .001). Not surprisingly, the anesthesiology journals have a higher occurrence of keywords than those journals covering other specialties. The overall occurrence of keywords also showed peaks during other major conflicts, namely the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the Korean War (1950–1953), and the Vietnam War (1955–1975). For the first time, this study demonstrates statistically the impact of WWII on the progress of anesthesiology. It also offers an objective record of the chronology of the major advances in anesthesiology before and after the conflict. While the war arguably helped to enhance anesthesiology as a specialty, in return anesthesiology helped to heal the wounds of war....

中文翻译：

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麻醉与二战：当战场成为研究领域——二战对麻醉学发展影响的文献计量分析

通风，镇痛达数千人。但是，当欧洲在纳粹的引导下受苦时，麻醉剂正准备迎接即将到来的战争带来的挑战。虽然战争带来死亡和破坏，但它也为医学进步开辟了道路。本研究的目的是衡量二战期间麻醉的演变。我们进行了一项回顾性观察文献计量研究，涉及出版物的定量和统计分析。以下 7 种期刊入选欧洲和北美麻醉相关刊物： Anesthesia & Analgesia、British Journal of Anaesthesia、Anesthesiology、Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie、Surgery、La Presse Médicale 和 The Military Surgeon（后来的军事医学） . 注意力集中在 1920 年至 1965 年间出版的期刊卷上。在查阅文献后，我们选择了 12 个代表 1920 年以来麻醉学重要进展的关键词：“麻醉”、“平衡麻醉”、“巴比妥类药物”、“d-管箭毒碱”、“气管插管”、“乙醚”、“利多卡因”、“吗啡”、“脊髓麻醉”、“硫喷妥钠”、“输血”和“三氯乙烯”。筛选了 1920 年至 1965 年间所有选定期刊版本的原始文章的标题，以查找 12 个关键字中的 1 个。共有26,132篇原创文章标题被筛选出关键词的出现。一共找到1815个关键词。Anesthesia & Analgesia 的关键词出现率最高（493 次引用），而 Schmerz-Narkose-Anaesthesie 的关键词出现率最低（38 次引用）。战后 12 个关键词的发表数量明显高于战前（分别为 65% 和 35%；P < .001）。毫不奇怪，麻醉学期刊的关键词出现率高于其他专业的期刊。关键词的总体出现在其他主要冲突期间也出现了高峰，即西班牙内战（1936-1939）、朝鲜战争（1950-1953）和越南战争（1955-1975）。该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 分别; P < .001）。毫不奇怪，麻醉学期刊的关键词出现率高于其他专业的期刊。关键词的总体出现在其他主要冲突期间也出现了高峰，即西班牙内战（1936-1939）、朝鲜战争（1950-1953）和越南战争（1955-1975）。该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 分别; P < .001）。毫不奇怪，麻醉学期刊的关键词出现率高于其他专业的期刊。关键词的总体出现在其他主要冲突期间也出现了高峰，即西班牙内战（1936-1939）、朝鲜战争（1950-1953）和越南战争（1955-1975）。该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 麻醉学期刊的关键词出现率高于其他专业的期刊。关键词的总体出现在其他主要冲突期间也出现了高峰，即西班牙内战（1936-1939）、朝鲜战争（1950-1953）和越南战争（1955-1975）。该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 麻醉学期刊的关键词出现率高于其他专业的期刊。关键词的总体出现在其他主要冲突期间也出现了高峰，即西班牙内战（1936-1939）、朝鲜战争（1950-1953）和越南战争（1955-1975）。该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤…… 该研究首次从统计学上证明了二战对麻醉学进步的影响。它还客观记录了冲突前后麻醉学的重大进展。虽然战争可以说有助于加强麻醉学作为一门专业，但作为回报，麻醉学有助于治愈战争的创伤……