Applying organic wastes such as manure or sewage sludge on agricultural fields improves soil physical structure and fertility, while giving purpose to otherwise disposed and burned waste products. Yet, xenobiotics, and especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products, may be present in these wastes and thereby enter the soil ecosystem. To investigate their occurrence and their potential effect on soil fauna, the CRUCIAL experimental fields, Denmark, were used. Here we combine, for the first time, a chemical wide-scope suspect screening analysis with a study of soil nematode faunal response on soils, which were fertilized with cattle manure, sewage sludge, human urine, and mineral fertilizers over 14 years. The suspect screening analysis was performed with a nanoflow ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The abundance of soil indigenous nematodes was determined in each treatment at two time-points, followed by laboratory tests with the nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans to assess its reproduction capacity in the soils. A total of 12 pharmaceuticals and personal care products were identified as being up- or down-concentrated in the different treatments compared to controls (mineral fertilizers): 8 and 2 were found to be up-concentrated in sludge- and urine-treated soils, respectively. Our results, however, showed a significantly greater abundance of nematodes in soils amended with sludge and manure, while C. elegans had the lowest reproduction capacity in the controls. The reproduction capacity tests did not reveal any chronic toxicity. A principal component analysis showed a clear correlation between nematode abundance and soil organic matter, water content, nutrient contents, and porosity. Overall, urban and animal wastes enhanced soil quality. Pharmaceuticals were detected, but adverse effects on the measured endpoints could not be demonstrated. Although further investigations are needed to examine other associated risks, recycling nutrients from urban areas into fertilizers can contribute to a more sustainable fertilization strategy.

在农田上施用有机废物，如粪肥或污水污泥，可改善土壤物理结构和肥力，同时为以其他方式处理和燃烧的废物提供用途。然而，这些废物中可能存在外源性物质，尤其是药物和个人护理产品，从而进入土壤生态系统。为了研究它们的发生及其对土壤动物的潜在影响，使用了丹麦的 CRUCIAL 试验田。在这里，我们首次将化学广泛的嫌疑人筛选分析与土壤线虫动物群对土壤反应的研究相结合，这些土壤线虫在 14 年的时间里用牛粪、污水污泥、人尿和矿物肥料施肥。使用纳流超高效液相色谱与高分辨率串联质谱联用进行了可疑筛选分析。在每个处理的两个时间点确定土壤本地线虫的丰度，然后用线虫物种进行实验室测试秀丽隐杆线虫评估其在土壤中的繁殖能力。与对照（矿物肥料）相比，共有 12 种药物和个人护理产品在不同处理中被鉴定为上浓缩或下浓缩：发现 8 和 2 在经过污泥和尿液处理的土壤中上浓缩，分别。然而，我们的研究结果表明，在用污泥和粪便改良的土壤中线虫的数量显着增加，而线虫在对照中具有最低的繁殖能力。繁殖能力测试未发现任何慢性毒性。主成分分析表明，线虫丰度与土壤有机质、含水量、养分含量和孔隙度之间存在明显的相关性。总体而言，城市和动物废物提高了土壤质量。检测到药物，但无法证明对测量终点的不利影响。尽管需要进一步调查以检查其他相关风险，但将城市地区的养分循环利用到肥料中有助于制定更可持续的施肥策略。