Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990–2010,Environmental Health Perspectives

当前位置： X-MOL 学术 › Environ. Health Perspect. › 论文详情

Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)

Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990–2010
Environmental Health Perspectives ( IF 10.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 , DOI: 10.1289/ehp8584
Jiawen Liu ₁ , Lara P Clark ₁ , Matthew J Bechle ₁ , Anjum Hajat ₂ , Sun-Young Kim ₃ , Allen L Robinson ₄ , Lianne Sheppard _{5,

6} , Adam A Szpiro ₅ , Julian D Marshall ₁

Affiliation

Abstract

Background:

Few studies have investigated air pollution exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income across criteria air pollutants, locations, or time.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to quantify exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income throughout the contiguous United States for six criteria air pollutants, during the period 1990 to 2010.

Methods:

We quantified exposure disparities among racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic (any race), non-Hispanic Asian) and by income for multiple spatial units (contiguous United States, states, urban vs. rural areas) and years (1990, 2000, 2010) for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide ( ${NO}_{2}$ ), ozone ( $O_{3}$ ), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript])$ ; excluding year-1990), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $less than or equal to 10 micrometers$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 10 end subscript$ ), and sulfur dioxide ( ${SO}_{2}$ ). We used census data for demographic information and a national empirical model for ambient air pollution levels.

Results:

For all years and pollutants, the racial/ethnic group with the highest national average exposure was a racial/ethnic minority group. In 2010, the disparity between the racial/ethnic group with the highest vs. lowest national-average exposure was largest for ${NO}_{2}$ [54% ( $4.6 parts per billion$ )], smallest for $O_{3}$ [3.6% ( $1.6 parts per billion$ )], and intermediate for the remaining pollutants (13%–19%). The disparities varied by U.S. state; for example, for $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ in 2010, exposures were at least 5% higher than average in 63% of states for non-Hispanic Black populations; in 33% and 26% of states for Hispanic and for non-Hispanic Asian populations, respectively; and in no states for non-Hispanic White populations. Absolute exposure disparities were larger among racial/ethnic groups than among income categories (range among pollutants: between 1.1 and 21 times larger). Over the period studied, national absolute racial/ethnic exposure disparities declined by between 35% ( $0.66 microgram per cubic meter$ ; $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ ) and 88% ( $0.35 parts per million$ ; CO); relative disparities declined to between $0.99 times$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ ; i.e., nearly zero change) and $0.71 times$ (CO; i.e., a $approximately 29 percent$ reduction).

Discussion:

As air pollution concentrations declined during the period 1990 to 2010, absolute (and to a lesser extent, relative) racial/ethnic exposure disparities also declined. However, in 2010, racial/ethnic exposure disparities remained across income levels, in urban and rural areas, and in all states, for multiple pollutants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8584

中文翻译：

1990-2010 年美国不同种族/族裔和收入的空气污染暴露差异

摘要

背景：

很少有研究调查跨标准空气污染物、地点或时间的种族/民族和收入的空气污染暴露差异。

客观的：

本研究的目的是量化 1990 年至 2010 年期间整个美国连续六种空气污染物的种族/族裔和收入的暴露差异。

方法：

我们量化了种族/族裔群体（非西班牙裔白人、非西班牙裔黑人、西班牙裔（任何种族）、非西班牙裔亚洲人）和多个空间单位（美国本土、州、城市与农村地区）的收入差异) 和年份 (1990, 2000, 2010) 一氧化碳 (CO)、二氧化氮 ( $不_{2}$ ), 臭氧 ( $○_{3}$ ), 具有空气动力学直径的颗粒物 $less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript])$ ; 不包括 1990 年），具有空气动力学直径的颗粒物 $less than or equal to 10 micrometers$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 10 end subscript$ ) 和二氧化硫 ( ${所以}_{2}$ ）。我们将人口普查数据用于人口统计信息，并使用国家经验模型来衡量环境空气污染水平。

结果：

对于所有年份和污染物，全国平均暴露量最高的种族/族裔群体是少数族裔/族裔群体。2010 年，全国平均暴露量最高与最低的种族/族裔群体之间的差异最大 $不_{2}$ [54% ( $4.6 parts per billion$ )]，最小的 $○_{3}$ [3.6% ( $1.6 parts per billion$ )]，其余污染物的中间体（13%–19%）。差异因美国各州而异；例如，对于 $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ 2010 年，在 63% 的州，非西班牙裔黑人人群的暴露量至少比平均水平高出 5%；西班牙裔和非西班牙裔亚裔人口分别在 33% 和 26% 的州；并且在非西班牙裔白人人口中没有任何州。种族/族裔群体之间的绝对暴露差异大于收入类别之间的绝对差异（污染物的范围：大 1.1 到 21 倍）。在研究期间，全国绝对种族/族裔暴露差异下降了 35% ( $0.66 microgram per cubic meter$ ; $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ ) 和 88% ( $0.35 parts per million$ ; 一氧化碳）；相对差距下降到之间 $0.99 times$ ( $particulate matter begin subscript 2.5 end subscript$ ; 即，几乎零变化）和 $0.71 times$ （CO；即，一个 $approximately 29 percent$ 减少）。