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Viral sticks, virtual stones: addressing anonymous hate speech online
Patterns of Prejudice ( IF 1.434 ) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 , DOI: 10.1080/0031322x.2021.1968586
Freya A. Woods , Janet B. Ruscher

ABSTRACT

Woods and Ruscher examine hate speech as a multifaceted phenomenon that has adapted to novel communication contexts and opportunities. In particular, online communication represents a growing opportunity for individuals to engage in anonymous hate speech, a situation that merits additional research for several reasons. The authors posit, first, that this specific type of hate speech warrants focused research because it may not altogether fit into pre-established categories of hate speech events, a matter that may have implications for the likelihood of legal censure. Second, this incarnation of hate speech may be best understood in terms of constitutive harms, relative to other harms, that are themselves understudied. Finally, anonymous hate speech online may inflict unique and additional harms by virtue of the unique context of the Internet and the ease of anonymity for perpetrators. Woods and Ruscher provide an overview of research on the types and harms of hate speech, and a consideration of the impact both of anonymity and of the Internet on these harms, as well as describe an illustrative example of a type of hate speech online that is often anonymous—derogatory Internet memes—in an effort to encourage further research into this novel incarnation of words that wound.



中文翻译:

病毒棒,虚拟石头:在线处理匿名仇恨言论

摘要

Woods 和 Ruscher 将仇恨言论视为一种适应新的交流环境和机会的多方面现象。特别是,在线交流为个人参与匿名仇恨言论提供了越来越多的机会,出于多种原因,这种情况值得进一步研究。作者认为,首先,这种特定类型的仇恨言论值得重点研究,因为它可能不完全适合预先确定的仇恨言论事件类别,这可能会对法律谴责的可能性产生影响。其次,这种仇恨言论的化身可能最好从构成性危害的角度来理解,相对于其他危害而言,这些危害本身并未得到充分研究。最后,由于互联网的独特环境和肇事者的匿名性,在线匿名仇恨言论可能造成独特和额外的伤害。Woods 和 Ruscher 概述了关于仇恨言论的类型和危害的研究,并考虑了匿名性和互联网对这些危害的影响,并描述了一种在线仇恨言论的说明性示例,即通常是匿名的——贬义的互联网模因——以鼓励对这种伤人词的小说化身进行进一步的研究。

更新日期:2021-12-15
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