Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice-ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long-term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine-terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long-term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind-driven. The Arctic Ocean CO₂ uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air-sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.

中文翻译：

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上个世纪的北欧海域热损失、大西洋流入和北极海冰覆盖

极地海洋热传输是地球系统中的一个关键过程。我们详细回顾并回顾了自 1900 年以来与海冰覆盖有关的北大西洋水 (AW) 流、北冰洋热传输和大气热损失。我们的合成主要基于由再分析大气（1900-2018）强制的海冰-海洋模型，该模型得到综合水文数据库（1950-）、AW流入观测（1996-）和其他长期时间序列海的证实冰范围 (1900–)、冰川退缩 (1984–) 和巴伦支海水文 (1900–)。自 1970 年代以来，包括北欧和巴伦支海在内的北冰洋已经变暖。这种变暖与增加的海洋热量输送和海冰损失相一致，并导致格陵兰的海洋终止冰川退缩。北欧海域向大气的热损失最大（占总量的 60%），且与该地区冷空气爆发和气旋的频率相关的变化很大，但没有长期的统计显着趋势。巴伦支海（~30%）和更北的北极海（~10%）的热量损失总体上较小，但呈现出很大的积极趋势。自 1900 年以来，AW 流入量、大气总热损失和密集流出量都增加了。这些都通过理论标度始终相关，但 AW 流入量的增加也是风驱动的。北冰洋公司 但表现出很大的积极趋势。自 1900 年以来，AW 流入量、大气总热损失和密集流出量都增加了。这些都通过理论标度始终相关，但 AW 流入量的增加也是风驱动的。北冰洋公司 但表现出很大的积极趋势。自 1900 年以来，AW 流入量、大气总热损失和密集流出量都增加了。这些都通过理论标度始终相关，但 AW 流入量的增加也是风驱动的。北冰洋公司₂吸收量在上个世纪增加了约 30%——与北极海冰损失一致，允许更强的海气相互作用，占全球吸收量的约 8%。