Nanoscale interfaces with biological tissue, principally made with nanowires (NWs), are envisioned as minimally destructive to the tissue and as scalable tools to directly transduce the electrochemical activity of a neuron at its finest resolution. This review lays the foundations for understanding the material and device considerations required to interrogate neuronal activity at the nanoscale. We first discuss the electrochemical nanoelectrode-neuron interfaces and then present new results concerning the electrochemical impedance and charge injection capacities of millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer scale wires with Pt, PEDOT:PSS, Si, Ti, ITO, IrO_x, Ag, and AgCl materials. Using established circuit models for NW-neuron interfaces, we discuss the impact of having multiple NWs interfacing with a single neuron on the amplitude and temporal characteristics of the recorded potentials. We review state of the art advances in nanoelectrode-neuron interfaces, the standard control experiments to investigate their electrophysiological behavior, and present recent high fidelity recordings of intracellular potentials obtained with ultrasharp NWs developed in our laboratory that naturally permeate neuronal cell bodies. Recordings from arrays and individually addressable electrically shorted NWs are presented, and the long-term stability of intracellular recording is discussed and put in the context of established techniques. Finally, a perspective on future research directions and applications is presented.

中文翻译：

---

与神经元和心脏网络的纳米级接口的考虑和最新进展

主要由纳米线 (NW) 制成的与生物组织的纳米级界面被设想为对组织的破坏性最小，并且是可扩展的工具，可以以最高分辨率直接转换神经元的电化学活动。这篇综述为理解在纳米尺度上询问神经元活动所需的材料和设备考虑因素奠定了基础。我们首先讨论了电化学纳米电极-神经元界面，然后展示了关于毫米、微米和纳米尺度线的电化学阻抗和电荷注入容量的新结果，这些线包含 Pt、PEDOT:PSS、Si、Ti、ITO、IrO _x、Ag 和 AgCl 材料。使用已建立的 NW 神经元接口电路模型，我们讨论了多个 NW 与单个神经元接口对记录电位的振幅和时间特性的影响。我们回顾了纳米电极-神经元界面的最新进展，研究其电生理行为的标准控制实验，并介绍了最近用我们实验室开发的自然渗透神经元细胞体的超锐 NW 获得的细胞内电位的高保真记录。介绍了来自阵列和可单独寻址的电短路 NW 的记录，并讨论了细胞内记录的长期稳定性并将其置于既定技术的背景下。最后，